Cryptosporidium
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
CD4+ T lymphocytes and Th-1 immune responses play a key role in acquired immunity against cryptosporidiosis, but CD8+ T lymphocytes and dendritic cells contribute to the clearance of the parasite from the intestine.112,116,117 These protective immune responses appear to be mediated through TLR4/NF-κB–dependent nitric oxide production.114,118 TLR4/NF-κB–regulated responses are probably also involved in innate immunity against Cryptosporidium spp. For example, luminal release of exosomes from the biliary and intestinal epithelium is increased following infection with C. parvum, and the release of exosomes involves activation of TLR4/IKK2 signaling. As exosomes are involved in the transfer of epithelial antimicrobial peptides, it was suggested that TLR4 regulates luminal exosome release and shuttling of antimicrobial peptides from the gastrointestinal epithelium.119 Recently, it was further shown that let-7i–regulated SIRT1 expression could be involved in NF-κB–mediated epithelial innate immune responses to C. parvum.120 Natural killer cells are probably also involved in innate immune responses against C. parvum. In addition, they can rapidly drive the establishment of acquired immune responses through the early recruitment of CD8+ T cells,121 and interleukin-18 has been shown to be involved in innate immunity against C. parvum infection.121,122
Shigella
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Shigella bacilli invade the distal region of the colon and rectum,35 where they become imprisoned by specialized M-cells. The M-cells deliver the bacterial antigens, LPS, and invasive plasmid antigen (Ipa) proteins to antigen-presenting macrophages and dendritic cells.36Shigella bacilli are phagocytized by macrophages, but subsequently escape through apoptosis.37 Before death, the macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1b and interleukin-18.38
Anti-infectious innate and adaptive immune responses
Gabriel Virella in Medical Immunology, 2019
Interleukin-18. IL-18, produced primarily by macrophages and related cells, was initially named “interferon-γ inducing factor,” reflecting its major biological role. In many respects, it is similar to IL-1 and IL-12. IL-18 is produced and released by APCs, and its main targets are Th0/Th1 CD4+ T cells and NK cells. However, in combination with other cytokines and cell-cell interactions, it can also induce Th2 lymphocyte activation.
Interleukin-18 and testosterone levels in men with metabolic syndrome
Published in The Aging Male, 2018
Petya Angelova, Zdravko Kamenov, Adelina Tsakova, Yosif El-Darawish, Haruki Okamura
Interleukin-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates both innate and acquired immune response and plays an important role in inflammation [42]. The levels of IL-18 in patients with insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic syndrome are reported to be increased [12,14]. Our data support that finding in patients with the MS compared to controls and the correlation of IL-18 to the components of the syndrome. In our study, hypertension is the only component of the metabolic syndrome that has no statistically significant association with the level of IL-18, although other authors have described it [43]. The reason for this could be the antihypertensive medication. The strongest correlation of the other components of MS is shown for hypertriglyceridemia. This association has been reported by others in healthy population [44]. An antilipolytic effect of IL-18 has also been discussed in HIV-positive patients with lipodystrophy [45]. The correlation with the number of components for defining MS has been reported in other studies [43,46] and IL-18 is presumed a predictor for developing MS.
Interleukin-18 is associated with the presence of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2019
T Matsuo, M Hashimoto, I Ito, T Kubo, R Uozumi, M Furu, H Ito, T Fujii, M Tanaka, C Terao, H Kono, M Mori, M Hamaguchi, W Yamamoto, K Ohmura, S Morita, T Mimori
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine superfamily. It is produced mainly by macrophages and regulates the T-cell immune response during host defence (18). In the lung, IL-18 can be produced by resident macrophages. It has been reported that IL-18 levels are increased in ILD patients. Furthermore, serum IL-18 levels were associated with the presence of ILD in polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients (19, 20). Other reports have described that IL-18 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were higher in patients with non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) or usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) than in healthy controls (21, 22). Animal studies have also suggested pathogenic roles of IL-18 in the development of lung inflammation (23–25). Administration of IL-18 and IL-2 induces fatal acute ILD in mice (26). Based on these findings, it is possible that IL-18 is associated with the pathological mechanism of ILD in RA patients.
IL18-family Genes Polymorphism Is Associated with the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and IL18 Concentration in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Anastasia V. Ponasenko, Anna V. Tsepokina, Maria V. Khutornaya, Maxim Yu. Sinitsky, Olga L. Barbarash
Interleukin 18 (IL18) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine stimulating the production of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 2 (IL2), cell adhesion molecules, and apoptosis-inducting factors, promoting proliferative activity of T-lymphocytes and lytic activity of natural killer cells (NK cells) (Nakanishi et al. 2001). It can be a pathogenetic factor in the development of the diseases accompanied by acute and chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis (Varghese et al. 2016; Yasuda et al. 2019; Zykov et al. 2015). In addition, elevated IL18 levels are associated with other cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including acute coronary syndrome, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and arterial hypertension. They are associated with CVD adverse prognosis and high mortality (Chalikias et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2017). The relationship of IL18 gene polymorphism with adverse coronary events in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients has been recently reported (Opstad et al. 2013; Xie et al. 2015). Moreover, serum levels of IL18 are determined by IL18 gene polymorphism (Martinez-Hervas et al. 2015; Opstad et al. 2011).