The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Peate Ian, Dutton Helen in Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The inflammatory response is a natural and well-documented tissue response to a number of agents (see Figure 12.6). Inflammation is characterised by the following clinical signs: Redness of the skin or erythema.Swelling.Heat.Pain.Loss of movement or reduced function.
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Ian Peate, Helen Dutton in Acute Nursing Care, 2014
The inflammatory response is a natural and well-documented tissue response to a number of agents (see Figure 12.6). Inflammation is characterised by the following clinical signs: redness of the skin or erythema;swelling;heat;pain;loss of movement or reduced function.
Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Whenever there is an infection or injury, the body of higher organisms responds in a protective manner. This defensive response of the body’s immune system is known as inflammation. Such a response is mandatory for localization and the elimination of noxious agents. It is also important for the removal of damaged tissues so, that body can begin with the process of healing. The most common symptoms of inflammation include pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat. These symptoms are clearly noticeable on the skin. Commonly witnessed causes of inflammation include pathogens, external injuries, chemicals, or radiation. However, in some cases of chronic inflammation, symptoms are presented in a different manner like fatigue, abdominal pain, fever, rash, joint pain, chest pain, mouth sores, etc. (Nordqvist, 2019).
The association between PTSD and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in male veterans of the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts: a systematic review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Daniel Dyball, Sarah Evans, Christopher J. Boos, Sharon A. M. Stevelink, Nicola T. Fear
An inflammatory response refers to the body’s reaction to foreign pathogens, including disease or infection. Cytokines, the gene-expression of cells to stimulate an inflammatory response, can be expressed in both pro-inflammatory (to elicit an inflammatory response) and anti-inflammatory (to stop an inflammatory response) (Dinarello, 2000). Inflammatory disease occurs when a dysregulated inflammatory response attacks normal bodily tissue, as can be observed in the arterial lesions associated with atherosclerosis (Black, 2003; Madjid & Willerson, 2011; Mendall et al., 2000; Ross, 1999). PTSD is known to be associated with Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) and Interferon-γ (IF-γ) cytokines (Passos et al., 2015) through which heart disease and diabetes can result (Ferrari, 1999; Hansson, 2005; Kanda & Takahashi, 2004; Schroecksnadel, Frick, Winkler, & Fuchs, 2006; Van Tassell, Toldo, Mezzaroma, & Abbate, 2013; Welsh et al., 2011).
The effects of cadmium exposure in the induction of inflammation
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer, Gholamreza Azizi, Solat Eslami, Hussaini Alhassan Mohammed, Farimah Fayyaz, Ramin Hosseinzadeh, Abubakar B. Usman, Ali N. Kamali, Hamed Mohammadi, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Emad Dehghanifard, Mohammad Noorisepehr
Inflammatory response is physiological condition which play a crucial role in host immune reactions against infection or injury [1]. Inflammation is initiated to challenges with pathogens or foreign bodies, or injurious agents, as well as removal of necrotic cells and the initiation of tissue repair. Inflammation is characterized by set of process including vascular dilation, enhanced permeability of capillaries, increased blood flow and leukocyte recruitment [2]. Despite beneficial effects of inflammation, an uncontrolled and inappropriate response can cause harm such as bystander normal tissue damages and promote inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [3]. Recently, increasing evidences show that the inappropriate inflammatory response is closely related with many chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and diabetes [4–7]. Both infectious and noninfectious stimuli trigger inflammatory process through recruitment of inflammatory cells and activation of their signaling pathways. Bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms are main players of triggering the infectious inflammation. Several other factors including physical (burn, frostbite, physical injury, foreign bodies, trauma, lionizing radiation), biological (damaged cells), psychological (excitement) and chemical (glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, chemical irritants [including fluoride, nickel and other trace elements and transitional metals such as Cadmium (Cd)]) are considered as noninfectious etiologies to be involved in the initiation of inflammation [3,7,8].
The effect of red-to-near-infrared (R/NIR) irradiation on inflammatory processes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Tomasz Walski, Krystyna Dąbrowska, Anna Drohomirecka, Natalia Jędruchniewicz, Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk, Wojciech Witkiewicz, Małgorzata Komorowska
The wide range of applications that this radiation may have raises questions on the effects that R/NIR exerts on the immune system—specifically, the effects of R/NIR on immune cells that are effectors of the immune response and that mediate inflammation. Inflammation is a part of the body response to pathogens, irritants, trauma, and other harmful factors. The function of inflammation is to improve elimination of these harmful factors, also clearing out damaged cells and tissues. Typical signs of inflammation are heat, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function. In spite of its important function in protection of a system from pathogen invasion or other harmful occurrences, prolonged inflammation may have a devastating effect on the system itself. This includes tissue damage and organ dysfunctions. Thus, control of inflammation can be a key step in many therapeutic strategies (Cotran et al. 1998; Ferrero-Miliani et al. 2007; Eming et al. 2007).
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