Disease Prediction and Drug Development
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam in Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
The basis of the immune system is the ability to identify the genes within the human-body and foreign proteins. The invading pathogens (bacteria and virus) are recognized and attacked, and their growth is inhibited. Immune system uses blood circulatory system and lymphatic circulatory system to protect the body against foreign-bodies. The immune system also possesses long-term immunological memory that once triggered can protect a body against the same or similar pathogen for a long time. Vaccines use the memory of the immune system to quickly activate the immune defense in the future against the actual attack by the foreign body that could be bacteria or virus. The immune system uses a complex signaling pathway to tag foreign-bodies that are killed by neutrophils (white blood cells) circulating in the blood. Neutrophils also release more signaling molecules such as chemokines and cytokines that bind to foreign-bodies and attract macrophages and natural killer cells.
Positive Selection of B-Cell Repertoire, Idiotype Networks and Immunological Memory
Maurizio Zanetti, J. Donald Capra in The Antibodies, 2002
The role of maternal protection should not be underestimated. It should be emphasized that the concept of immunological memory remains an enigma. As stated by R. Zinkernagel [19]: "Why should the host need memory? If the host survives the first infection, the host immune system has proven itself fit to deal with repeat infections; if the host is killed by the first infection there is no need of immunological memory. Under such circumstances, is immunological memory of survival value? The main role of memory is to overcome problems of infectious diseases during the time needed for maturation of the newborn immune system. This is dramatically illustrated by the fact that most calves not given colostral milk during the first 18 hours after birth-the short period when intact antibodies can be absorbed in the gut-do not possess protective maternal antibodies and die of infections within weeks."
Mechanisms of Fibril Formation and Cellular Response
Martha Skinner, John L. Berk, Lawreen H. Connors, David C. Seldin in XIth International Symposium on Amyloidosis, 2007
Does “immunological memory” play a role in AA amyloidogenesis? The reason for asking this first question in 1972 stemmed from the state of the art at that time. Amyloids were all thought to be the same, of no clinical consequence except when deposited in large quantities systemically, and probably were due to some immunological disturbance. “Immunological memory” is the phenomenon exhibited by an organism when exposed to an antigen it has “seen” previously. Its antibody response is much more rapid than after the initial exposure to the antigen. These experiments showed that “immunological memory” played no role in AA amyloidogenesis but led to the identification of amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) (5,6).
Innate and adaptive immune responses in respiratory virus infection: implications for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
John Stambas, Chunni Lu, Ralph A Tripp
Adaptive immunity is an important line of defense against respiratory virus infection. This defense is preceded by physical barriers like the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract that help prevent infection, and by innate immune responses, and is primarily achieved by B and T cell immune responses. Adaptive immunity is required for virus clearance and the establishment of long-term memory to protect against future pathogen invasion. There is emerging evidence that suggests the innate immune system has qualities associated with immunological memory, particularly in systems that lack an adaptive immune system, and this has been termed innate immune memory or ‘trained immunity’ [62,63]. However, immunological memory typically refers to the ability of adaptive immune cells to quickly and robustly respond to previously encountered pathogens in an antigen-specific manner.
Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2018
Volker Vetter, Gülhan Denizer, Leonard R. Friedland, Jyothsna Krishnan, Marla Shapiro
Vaccines, like natural infections, act by initiating an innate immune response, which in turn activates an antigen-specific adaptive immune response [3]. Innate immunity is the first line of defence against pathogens that have entered the body. It is established within a few hours but is not specific for a particular pathogen and has no memory [4]. Adaptive immunity provides a second line of defence, generally at a later stage of infection, characterized by an extraordinarily diverse set of lymphocytes and antibodies able to recognize and eliminate virtually all known pathogens. Each pathogen (or vaccine) expresses (or contains) antigens that induce cell-mediated immunity by activating highly specific subsets of T lymphocytes and humoral immunity by stimulating B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies [3]. After elimination of the pathogen, the adaptive immune system generally establishes immunological memory. This immunological memory – the basis of long-term protection and the goal of vaccination – is characterized by the persistence of antibodies and the generation of memory cells that can rapidly reactivate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen [3].
BCG-induced trained immunity in macrophage: reprograming of glucose metabolism
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2020
Yuntong Liu, Shu Liang, Ru Ding, Yuyang Hou, Feier Deng, Xiaohui Ma, Tiantian Song, Dongmei Yan
The innate immune system is stereotyped to produce only nonspecific immune responses without immune memory. However, the innate immune system can also build up immunological memory, which means that innate immune cells are trained after their first exposure to pathogens, so that the host shows heightened but nonspecific response both toward the same and different pathogens in a T/B-cell-independent manner when they are infected again (Figure 1). The study of trained immunity initially originated from plant4 and invertebrates,5 which only relied on the innate immune system to protect against reinfection with pathogens. Netea based on a series of researches concerning the innate immune memory elicit nonspecific protection, induced by BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guerin),6,7 β-glucan (polysaccharide of fungal cell wall),8 attenuated strains of C. albicans,9,10 latent herpesvirus11 and IL-1,12 proposed that mammals also exist innate immune memory, which is termed “trained immunity.”13 It is not only a conceptual expansion, but also has an important value on the investigation of new vaccines combining innate and adaptive immune memory, as well as the treatment of malignant tumors and immune-mediated diseases.14
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adaptive Immune System
- Antibody
- Memory B Cell
- Memory T Cell
- Vaccination
- Immune System
- Antigen
- Immune Response
- T-Cell Receptor
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern