B Cells and Immunoglobulins
Miroslav Holub in Immunology of Nude Mice, 2020
The nude mouse is by no means a B mouse, even if the surprisingly high proportion of non-B cells occurs only in the spleen, and the blood and lymph appear to carry almost pure B cells. The deep depression of responses to thymus-dependent antigens, of some immunoglobulin isotypes, of memory and tolerance induction was explainable by the lack of T-cell regulation as a dominant trait of nude mouse B cells and thus, most interpretations were centered on athymic state and not at more basic, prethymic defects which would be reflected also by B cells. In lymphatic tissues and in circulation, the nude mouse B cells seem to be numerically about equal to B cells of euthymic mice, just stripped of the bulk of the T-cell population. Under the assumption that antigen load leads in the absence of adequate T-cell help to specific unresponsiveness, nude mice have been injected with thymus-dependent antigens, notably sheep red blood cells or xenogenic a globulins.
What happens in Leukemias, Lymphomas, and Myelomas?
Tariq I Mughal, John M Goldman, Sabena T Mughal in Understanding Leukemias, Lymphomas, and Myelomas, 2017
The leukemias are a group of disorders characterized by the excessive accumulation of abnormal white cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers that originate in lymphoid cells in lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissue. The common feature of these tumors was that the component cells all seemed to be derived from the lymphatic system. Lymphomas, in particular Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in contrast to leukemia are considerably more common worldwide. Multiple myeloma is a cancer which arises from the plasma cells in the bone marrow and is characterized by the production of a single species of immunoglobulin molecule. The different subtypes of myeloma were not recognized until the 1930s, when electrophoresis was discovered. In tandem with the leukemias and lymphomas, much of the molecular understanding of myeloma has been achieved. Amongst the leukemias, perhaps up to 5% may arise from inherited abnormal genes.
Case 6: Selective IgA Deficiency
Laurel J. Gershwin in Case Studies in Veterinary Immunology, 2017
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is produced at mucosal surfaces and is the predominant antibody made in response to bacterial colonization of the intestine. It serves as a first-line barrier for the intestinal mucosa, providing protection against pathogens, toxins, and allergens. Plasma cells that secrete IgA are found primarily in the lamina propria of mucosal surfaces, such as the bronchial and intestinal epithelium. Selective IgA deficiency is the most common primary immune deficiency recognized in dogs. It is associated with infections on mucosal surfaces, including the lung, intestinal tract, genital tract, skin, and ear canals. Dutchess is a one-year-old spayed female German Shepherd with a history of recurrent bouts of bacterial pneumonia. She did not have signs of respiratory disease at the time of her presentation. She did have a strong odor and excessive exudate in the auditory canals. Dutchess was diagnosed with selective IgA deficiency based on the ruling out of neutrophil defects, parasitism, defects in other immunoglobulin isotypes, and megaesophagus.
Immunoparesis and polyclonal immunoglobulin recovery after auto-SCT for patients with multiple myeloma treated at a single institution
Published in Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2018
Victor H. Jimenez-Zepeda, Peter Duggan, Paola Neri, Ahsan Chaudhry, Jason Tay, Nizar Bahlis
Immunoparesis and polyclonal immunoglobulin recovery have been recently described as common indicators of immune dysfunction in patients with multiple myeloma. In the present study, we aimed to assess the impact of immunoparesis and polyclonal immunoglobulin recovery at day-100 post autologous stem cell transplant (auto-SCT) on clinical outcomes. A total of 302 patients were included for the analysis of immunoparesis, and 197 were evaluable for polyclonal immunoglobulin recovery evaluation. Immunoparesis was observed in 93.5% of cases, with 47% of cases having polyclonal immunoglobulin recovery at 12 months post auto-SCT. Median overall and progression-free survival were longer in the group of patients with complete or partial normalization of polyclonal immunoglobulins. Patients receiving consolidation had a lower level of polyclonal reconstitution. In conclusion, polyclonal immunoglobulin recovery by 12 months post-auto-SCT is associated with superior overall and progression free survival in patients with MM. Efforts to better enhance polyclonal recovery deserve further investigation.
High incidence of intact or fragmented immunoglobulin in urine of patients with multiple myeloma
Published in Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2015
Maria Kraj, Barbara Kruk, Ewa Lech-Marańda, Krzysztof Warzocha, Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
In this prospective study we determined the incidence of intact/fragmented immunoglobulin and Bence Jones protein in urine immunofixation using Sebia reagents and HydrasysTM 2 apparatus and compared the results to concentrations of serum free light chains (FLC) assessed using Siemens BNTM II nephelometer and the immunoassay Freelite (Binding Site) in 289 patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis. It was found that in one third of IgG, IgA and IgD myeloma patients, intact/fragmented immunoglobulin can be detected in urine and is connected with impaired renal function and reduced survival. Urine immunofixation detects monoclonal protein (FLC and intact/fragmented immunoglobulin) in 66–79% of IgG and IgA myeloma patients while serum FLC immunoassay detect it in 82–94% of IgG and IgA myeloma patients. However, the latter method is inadequate for detection of intact/fragmented immunoglobulin in urine. Serum FLC immunoassay and urine immunofixation are complementary methods in diagnosing and monitoring monoclonal protein in patients with myeloma.
Injecting rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) into wounds only: A significant saving of lives and costly RIG
Published in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2017
Omesh Kumar Bharti, Shampur Narayan Madhusudana, Henry Wilde
An increasing number of dog bite victims were being presented to public hospitals in Himachal Pradesh in 2014 amidst virtual non availability of any rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Only a small quantity of equine rabies immunoglobulin (eRIG) was available from the government owned Central Research Institute (CRI) Kasauli. This available eRIG was used in 269 patients as an emergency response and only for local infiltration of severe bite wounds by suspected rabid dogs. This was followed by rabies vaccination, using the WHO approved intra-dermal Thai Red Cross Society vaccination schedule. A subgroup of 26 patients were later identified who had been severely bitten by laboratory confirmed rabid dogs. They were followed for more than one year and all were found to be alive.
Related Knowledge Centers
- B Cell
- Lymphocytes
- Plasma Cells
- Ige
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
- Serum Globulins
- Immunoglobulin Genes