The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
White blood cells may also increase or decrease in number. Neutropenia is a reduction in the number of neutrophils in the blood. It occurs in a wide variety of diseases, including certain hereditary defects, aplastic anemia, bone marrow tumors, and acute leukemias. Granulocytopenia is a more general term describing a reduction in the number of granulocytes (leukocytes), including neutrophils. Agranulocytosis applies to diminished or absent granulocyte production, essentially the same disorder. Whichever term applies, granulocytopenic conditions all result in increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and mucous membrane ulcerations,: usually in relation to the degree of the deficiency.
Host Defense I: Non-specific Immunity
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla in Textbook of Immunology, 2019
The number of granulocytes in the blood of healthy individuals fluctuates between 2–9,000/mm3. Levels may increase during infection or injury (such as a burn), or may decrease in other situations (e.g., virus or drug-induced bone marrow suppression). A decreased number of circulating leukocytes is called leukopenia, while a decrease in granulocytes is granulocytopenia. Lack of neutrophils is neutropenia, and complete absence of granulocytes from blood and bone marrow is agranulocytosis. Individuals with neutropenia often have increased susceptibility to infections with pyogenic bacteria. Several genetic defects may result in granulocytopenia.
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Leonel Pereira in Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
On Sabouraud’s dextrose agar colonies are white to cream colored, smooth, glabrous, yeast-like colonies. Microscopic morphology shows predominantly small, elongated to ovoid budding yeast-like cells or blastoconidia, 2.0-5.5 x 4.0-15.0 pm in size. C. krusei is regularly associated with some forms of infant diarrhea and occasionally with systemic disease. It has also been reported to colonize the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts of patients with granulocytopenia. Environmental isolations have been made from beer, milk products, skin, feces of animals and birds, and pickle brine (Ellis 2016f).
Recurrent Infections and Immunodeficiency Caused by Severe Pancytopenia Associated with a Novel Life-Threatening Mutation in Hypoxia-Upregulated Protein 1
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Hossein Jafari Khamirani, Mehdi Dianatpour, Sina Zoghi, Sanaz Mohammadi, Ashkan Habib, Seyed Alireza Dastgheib, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Tabei, Mohadeseh Molayemat, Babak Shirazi Yeganeh
HYOU1 is involved in immunomodulation by preventing apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils (Haapaniemi et al. 2017; Hauck and Klein 2013; Li et al. 2019; Pagare et al. 2018; Rao et al. 2021), acting as immune stimulation adjuvant (Zuo et al. 2016), and participating in cross presentation with MHC-1 molecules (Wang et al. 2014). In the conducted study by Haapaniemi et al., mild leukopenia, microcytic anemia, and fluctuating thrombocytopenia were demonstrated. Episodes of severe granulocytopenia were recorded since 3 years of age. Laboratory results revealed myeloid maturation arrest improved with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), poor neutrophil chemotaxis, and low number of plasmacytoid and monocytoid dendritic cells with low CD86 expression, affecting antigen presentation. While, T-cell count was normal, and B-cell number was very low. In our study, the proband developed severe leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia at 3 months of age.
Is it time to reconsider prophylactic antimicrobial use for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? a narrative review of antimicrobials in stem cell transplantation
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Dilshad Jahan, Ed Peile, Md Arif Sheikh, Salequl Islam, Sharlene Parasnath, Paras Sharma, Katia Iskandar, Sameer Dhingra, Jaykaran Charan, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Nandeeta Samad, Tajkera Sultana Chowdhury, Siddhartha Dutta, Mainul Haque
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is defined as a process that instills healthy blood-forming stem cells into the body to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow [1,2]. HSCT includes Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cord Blood Transplantation, and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplantation is necessary for several clinical entities, especially hematological cancers and congenital or acquired diseases of the hematopoietic system. HSCT is also used to treat certain solid cancers, autoimmune, and genetic-linked metabolic diseases [1,3]. These hematological diseases include ‘acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, plasma cell disorders, poems syndrome, primary amyloidosis, aplastic anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, hemoglobinopathies, immune deficiencies, inborn errors of metabolism, neuroblastoma, adrenoleukodystrophy’ [1]. Before BMT, the patient undergoes chemotherapy and total body irradiation to target the cancer cells [4]. Cancer chemotherapy causes deep granulocytopenia and granulocytopenic fever. This immunocompromise frequently increases the potential for infection among these patients [5,6]. Neutropenia is a prominent issue for BMT. Consequently, prophylactic utilization of antimicrobials for transplant patients became standard practice worldwide for thirty years [7].
Developments in identifying and managing mucormycosis in hematologic cancer patients
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2020
Livio Pagano, Giulia Dragonetti, Elena De Carolis, Giuseppe Veltri, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, Alessandro Busca
Mucormycosis and Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) in HMs have some aspects in common such as risk factors, similar underlying diseases, clinical, and radiological signs; however, they differ in diagnosis and treatments. A retrospective multicenter study evaluated 59 HMs patients with IM and 541 with IA occurring between 2007 and 2017. Acute leukemia was the underlying disease in more than 50% of IA patients and 74% of mucormycosis patients. Granulocytopenia and lymphocytopenia represented the main risk factor in both groups. However, patients affected by mucormycosis had a longer duration of severe neutropenia. Lymphocytopenia was longer as well. In this study mucormycosis most frequently developed in HSCTs recipients (44% vs 28%, P =.001) [20]. The overall 12-week survival in patients with mucormycosis was 50%.
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