Immunomodulators: What is the evidence for use in mycoses?
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect in Antifungal Therapy, 2019
There was a renewed enthusiasm for granulocyte infusions with advances in neutrophil harvesting techniques. Because of the concern for inadequate dosing of neutrophils in early studies of granulocyte infusions, newer neutrophil acquisition methods involve pre-treating neutrophil donors with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and steroids. This intervention allowed the harvesting and infusion of large numbers of functional granulocytes. Using this strategy, Peters et al. demonstrated that the transfusion of granulocytes in neutropenic patients was well-tolerated and resulted in measurable increases in peripheral leukocyte counts [14]. In this study, seven granulocyte transfusions were required on average for each patient to support them until bone marrow recovery, and these multiple granulocyte infusions were well-tolerated.
The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Along with red blood cells, the bone marrow also produces white blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes (leuko- = white) because they lack hemoglobin and its red color. Some leukocytes, however, are formed in the lymphatic system rather than bone marrow. Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes in two major ways—they have a nucleus, and they serve mainly to defend the body from invading organisms and other substances. Leukocytes can be divided into three main types: granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Granulocytes evolve from myeloblasts (myelo- = marrow) in the bone marrow, while lymphocytes and monocytes are formed in lymphatic tissue.
Concepts of Replacement Therapy: Blood Components, Blood Derivatives, and Medications
Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass in Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
The yield of a granulocyte preparation can vary widely, and cannot be standardized. The transfusion should be transfused as quickly as possible following collection, since granulocytes have a short half-life. Often, there is insufficient time to perform the required testing for infectious diseases, and the ordering physician must indicate that the benefits of the transfusion outweigh the risk. The therapy should continue for 3–4 days. Reactions to granulocytes are common and can be severe. Premedication with antihistamines, acetaminophen, or corticosteroids may be needed. Leukocyte removal filters should not be used, and the product should be irradiated to prevent graft-versus-host disease. The peripheral white blood cell count will not increase following transfusion, since the cells will quickly leave the circulation. Therefore, a resolution of the infection or clinical improvement would indicate success.
The effect of red-to-near-infrared (R/NIR) irradiation on inflammatory processes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Tomasz Walski, Krystyna Dąbrowska, Anna Drohomirecka, Natalia Jędruchniewicz, Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk, Wojciech Witkiewicz, Małgorzata Komorowska
Granulocytes are white blood cells that contain characteristic granules in their cytoplasm and a nucleus of irregular. For this reason, they are often called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). They are produced in the bone marrow, and they occur in several types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. The most abundant granulocytes are neutrophils, which are also the most abundant professional phagocytic cells comprising cellular uptake of the objects (endocytosis) and then intracellular killing and/or degradation. Intracellular killing of pathogens makes use of ROS, which are secreted during this process. Its intensity depends on the activation of granulocytes: resting, pre-activated, and activated. These states can be discriminated accordingly to secretory characteristics of the cells. When resting, neutrophils secrete only very small amounts of superoxide anions (1999). After efficient activation of granulocytes, superoxide anion production increases up to several dozen-fold, and due to this characteristic, it is called the respiratory burst (Guthrie et al. 1984; Partrick et al. 2000). An efficient method for measurement and quantification of this process is based on chemiluminescence. It can be detected by a luminometer or by a photomultiplier (Fujimaki et al. 2003; Wąsik et al. 2007). Methods that make use of chemiluminescence were the major types of detection used to assess R/NIR effects on neutrophils in vitro.
Large animal models for translational research in acute kidney injury
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Balamurugan Packialakshmi, Ian J. Stewart, David M. Burmeister, Kevin K. Chung, Xiaoming Zhou
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40–70% of all white blood cells in humans. They are also the most abundant leukocytes infiltrating the kidney immediately after IRI [37]. Neutrophils produce and secrete cytotoxic compounds such as reactive oxygen species, while adhering to the endothelium and extravagating into the affected renal tissue. CXCL8/IL-8 is the primary chemoattractant for human neutrophil recruitment. Serum CXCL8/IL-8 levels predict AKI in patients with acute pancreatitis [38], after cardiac surgery [39] and liver transplantation [40]. Conversely, CCL12 probably mediates tubular regeneration and functional recovery from cisplatin-induced AKI following inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in a murine model [41]. Given the important roles that these molecular pathways play in the development of AKI, it becomes apparent that immunomodulatory findings from rodent AKI models may have certain limitations [19].
Combined Administration of l -Carnitine and Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Quadri Kunle Alabi, Rufus Ojo Akomolafe, Olaoluwa Sesan Olukiran, Aliyat Olajumoke Nafiu, Modinat Adebukola Adefisayo, Olurotimi Isaac Owotomo, Joseph Gbenga Omole, Kehinde Peace Olamilosoye
Granulocytes and monocytes protect the body against invading organisms mainly by phagocytosis, whereas the lymphocytes help in maintaining immune system of the body. There was an increase in granulocyte and monocyte counts in the rats treated with cisplatin compared with the control, whereas lymphocytes count decreased in these rats. The increase in granulocytes and monocytes count might indicate that the immune system of the rats could be fighting against the infection and inflammation during CIS treatment and metabolism in the experimental rats. The observed decrease in lymphocyte counts may be as result of the immunosuppressive effects of cisplatin on the bone marrow through the inhibition of T-cell activity (46). Treatment with l-carnitine, ascorbic acid, or their combination restored the monocyte, granulocyte, and lymphocyte counts toward normal values, and this may be attributed to their enhancement of host's immunity. Furthermore, combined administration of l-carnitine and ascorbic acid restored the monocyte, granulocyte, and lymphocyte counts significantly than when administered individually.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Agranulocyte
- Basophil
- Cytoplasm
- Innate Immune System
- Myeloblast
- Neutrophil
- Cell Nucleus
- Mast Cell
- Eosinophil
- Specific Granule