Nucleated Cell Separation Using the Fenwal CS3000™
Adrian P. Gee in BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
This chapter discusses the computer commands and operator instructions appropriate for the CS3000 PLUS. The packed red blood cells and the plasma are collected in bags that have been connected by aseptic connections. Excluding removal of samples, a maximum of ten entries is required to prepare all fluids, set up the tubing kit, and to process the marrow. Two centrifugations are employed: in the first, mononuclear cells are separated from erythrocytes and granulocytes, and in the second, mononuclear cells are separated from the supernatant plasma. The flow of plasma, mononuclear cells, and finally erythrocytes and granulocytes is pumped through a photometer sensitive to occlusion of 565 nm light. The specific advantage of utilizing the computer-controlled CS3000 for bone marrow processing is that the process is subject to variations in operator judgement, so that the technique is performed identically by any operator regardless of experience.
General Management of Blood Cancers
Tariq I Mughal, John M Goldman, Sabena T Mughal in Understanding Leukemias, Lymphomas, and Myelomas, 2017
This chapter discusses the principal supportive therapies used in the management of patients with blood cancers, to make it easier for patients to tolerate specific anti-cancer therapies or to ensure their administration in a timely manner. It describes the role of clinical trials. It is also opportune to emphasize the importance of good hygiene on the part of the patient and staff members, regular hand cleaning, and avoidance of contact with infected individuals. The low neutrophil counts is a major concern and specialists often resort to using a drug, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Many patients will require prompt treatment of infections and when this is successful, they become candidates for prophylactic antimicrobials. The specific therapy which is used in the treatment of blood cancers in general is aimed at reducing the number of cancer cells and in some, such as those with aggressive lymphomas, most lymphomas, and acute leukemias, perhaps even a cure.
Cellular Components of Blood
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Blood cells originate from a common pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell (PHSC). The PHSCs give rise to all mature blood cells that circulate freely in the peripheral blood. The stem cells undergo cell division and maturation in the bone marrow. Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, and the most primitive cell is the proerythroblast. The most important red blood cell antigens are ABO and Rhesus (Rh). The ABO antigens are controlled by three allelic genes: A, B and O. The A and B genes control the synthesis of enzymes required for the addition of specific carbohydrate residues to the basic oligosaccharide, the H antigen. The Rh system is named after the Rhesus monkey, the red cells of which stimulated antibodies when they were injected into rabbits and guinea pigs. The white blood cells (leukocytes) consist of two groups: the phagocytes and the immunocytes. The phagocytes are made up of the granulocytes and the monocytes.
Granulocyte activity in patients with cancer and healthy subjects
Published in Cancer Biology & Therapy, 2008
Nina A. Mikirova, Arkady A. Klykov, James A. Jackson, Neil H. Riordan
In our study, we investigated the intracellular killing ability of granulocytes for healthy and ill subjects by measuring NADH oxidase activity and release of hydrogen peroxide. The protocol methodology measured the hydrogen peroxide released after granulocytes activation by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) by using the Amplex Red assay, which included counting granulocytes by flow cytometer and measurement of the kinetic curve of NADPH oxidase activity by fluorometer. Two parameters were used to describe the level of granulocyte activity: the initial rate of NADPH-oxidase enzyme activity and the level of hydrogen peroxide released after 20 min of granulocyte activation. The method was applied to measure granulocyte activity in 55 healthy subjects and 30 patients with cancer. It was demonstrated that applied procedure is sensitive for estimation of the disease activity. The granulocyte activity in patients with cancer was compared with the granulocyte activity of healthy subjects and demonstrated the down-regulation of NADPH oxidase activity. We showed that granulocytes of cancer patients had inhibited oxidative burst and less NADPH oxidase activity.
Granulocytic Sarcoma of the Chest Wall at Site of Hickman Catheter Tract
Published in Leukemia & Lymphoma, 1996
Samuel Ariad, Galina Pizov, Michael Koretz
Insertion of a Hickman central venous catheter before administration of induction chemotherapy is a common practice in treatment of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Granulocytic sarcoma associated with AML may be the initial clinical manifestation of newly diagnosed or relapsed AML, heralding systemic involvement by weeks to months. A case of granulocytic sarcoma of the chest wall occuring as subcutaneous nodules along a scar of a previous Hickman catheter tract in a 45 year old female patient with AML is described. The patient who was in first complete remission, developed granulocytic sarcoma simultaneously with complaints associated with leukemic CNS infiltration. This is the second case described of granulocytic sarcoma of the chest wall at the site of a Hickman catheter tract. The simultaneous CNS and chest wall manifestations raise the interesting question whether both sites behaved as sanctuaries for resistant leukemic cells, in this case.
Granulocytic Sarcoma and Hiv
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2011
John R. Krause, Ibrahim Aburiziq
Hematopoietic neoplasms are known to occur in the setting of HIV. Excluding Kaposi's sarcoma, the neoplasms are generally high-grade lymphoproliferative disorders. Granulocytic sarcoma, an extramedullary hematopoietic malignancy that may precede or occur during the course of acute myeloid leukemia, has rarely been described in the HIV population. We present the fourth documented case, to our knowledge, of a granulocytic sarcoma occurring in an HIV-positive individual. This has been associated with a very poor prognostic outcome.