Carbohydrates
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Dental caries is not the only cause of tooth loss. In adults, gum disease (periodontal disease) is the most frequent cause of tooth loss. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums caused by the presence of plaque. It can lead to receding of the gums which exposes the roots of the teeth to decay and eventually may lead to loosening and loss of teeth. As with caries, sugar is a major causative factor for gum disease but attainable reductions in sugar consumption are unlikely to have much impact upon this condition. Improved oral hygiene may be the most effective way of controlling this condition. Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, E and folic acid have detrimental effects upon gum health, but it is unclear whether increased intakes would improve general standards of oral health.
Factors Controlling the Microflora of the Healthy Mouth
Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh in Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
The junction between tooth and gingiva (gum) is a unique habitat (Figures 2, 4, 8 and 17), and a great diversity of species is found in supragingival plaque (located immediately above the gingival margin) as well as in subgingival plaque (below the margin, in the gingival crevice and periodontal pocket). In the absence of adequate oral hygiene, dental plaque accumulates in this protected area and invariably causes gingivitis (inflammation of the gum) (Figure 4).16 The inflammatory exudate (gingival crevicular fluid) associated with gingivitis, together with intermicrobial food webs (see below), supplies nutrients for fastidious bacteria unable to grow elsewhere in the mouth. Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, and Veillonella are the major genera found in plaque in the gingival region (Figure 15). Here, however, Gram-negative rods make up about 40% of the bacteria and include many Bacteroides species and other anaerobes such as Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Wolinella, and Selenomonas species. Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods are also present, such as Haemophilus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, and Actinobacillus. Furthermore, Gram-positive anaerobes constitute high proportions, notably Peptostreptococcus spp., A. israelii, and Eubacterium species. Treponema species not found elsewhere are also present (Figure 23).1718, 122, 123
Other Complications of Diabetes
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
With diabetes mellitus, reduced salivation is commonly seen, which may or may not include symptoms of a burning sensation inside the mouth or on the tongue. There may be enlargement of the parotid salivary glands. Gingivitis is signified by unhealthy or inflamed gums that may be red, swollen, and even bleed. Daily brushing and flossing, plus regular cleanings by a dentist, can prevent gingivitis. Periodontitis is gum disease that can change from mild to severe. The signs of gingivitis, by this time, have worsened, and the gums may pull away from the teeth. There is long-lasting infection between the teeth and gums, and chronic bad breath. Loosened teeth may move away from each other, and there are changes in the way the teeth fit together when biting. Periodontitis can be prevented via deep cleanings by a dentist and in severe cases gum surgery.
Development and characterization of rapid dissolving ornidazole loaded PVP electrospun fibers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Serdar Tort, Ayşegül Yıldız, Fatmanur Tuğcu-Demiröz, Gülçin Akca, Özgür Kuzukıran, Füsun Acartürk
Gingivitis is a common and mild form of periodontal disease and can be described as a limited inflammation of the gingiva. This disease is described by irritation, redness, swelling, and inflammation. Along with being a common condition, it is usually a reversible disease. Antimicrobial agents such as metronidazole, ornidazole, tetracycline, clindamycin, and β-lactam antibiotics are mostly used for gingivitis treatment (Luckey 2006). Ornidazole is a nitroimidazole derivative antibiotic and usually used to treat anaerobic infections in oral mucosa with buccal delivery (Liu et al. 2012; Rajesh et al. 2016; Tort, Oktay, et al. 2017). Ornidazole has lower minimum inhibitory concentration to treat periodontal diseases compared to metronidazole. It has been successfully administered as various dosage forms such as mucoadhesive buccal film (Zhang et al. 2018), gel (Rawat et al. 2010), mucoadhesive oral multiple unit systems (Asane et al. 2011), self-assembled dehydropeptide nano carriers (Deka et al. 2017), oral drug delivery systems (Krishnaiah et al. 2003), and dry suspension (Chivate et al. 2013).
Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Ali A. Abdulkareem, Firas B. Al-Taweel, Ali J.B. Al-Sharqi, Sarhang S. Gul, Aram Sha, Iain L.C. Chapple
Periodontal disease is a broad term used to encompass diseases and conditions of the periodontal tissues. The two major forms induced by dental plaque biofilm accumulation are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is an inflammatory lesion that remains confined to the gingiva, but which may, in susceptible people, progress to a more severe and destructive form, periodontitis [1]]. A causal relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases has not yet been robustly established, however studies indicate that periodontal pathogens and consequent immune-inflammatory responses to them are independently associated with the pathogenesis of several systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Alzheimer’s, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and certain cancers [2–5]. The ulcerated pocket epithelium provides a direct portal of vascular entry for periodontal pathogens, e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum to the systemic circulation, which may directly or indirectly affect other organ systems [6–8]. A report issued in 2018 estimated the economic burden arising due to periodontal diseases as approximately $154.06 billion in the US and €158.64 billion in Europe [9].
Genetic polymorphisms in interleukin-6 and interleukin-1-beta were associated with dental caries and gingivitis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Caio Luiz Bitencourt Reis, Mariane Carolina Faria Barbosa, Bárbara Maria de Souza Moreira Machado, Samantha Schaffer Pugsley Baratto, Daniela Coelho de Lima, Aleysson Olímpio Paza, Flares Baratto Filho, João Armando Brancher, Erika Calvano Küchler, Daniela Silva Barroso de Oliveira
Dental caries and gingivitis are multifactorial diseases that affect millions of people worldwide [1]. In the case of dental caries, the main causal agent appears to be the imbalance between remineralization and demineralization of the tooth tissues stimulate by bacterial metabolism, associated with low salivary flow, high sugar consumption and social conditions [2]. During the onset of the disease, there is an increase of local inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, in response to bacteria and injuries from carious lesions. These proteins start the inflammatory process and activate the production of the antimicrobial peptides which protected the tooth and surrounding bone from polymicrobial infection [3–5]. Gingivitis, which is a mildest form of periodontal disease, is described as a reversible inflammation of the gingiva in an attempt to protect the periodontium against the invading bacteria. In gingivitis, cytokines are secreted in subgingival region due to the factors suffered by periodontal tissue and also by bacterial infection [6,7]. Cytokines are mediators secreted mainly for leukocytes and macrophages as to inflammatory and immune response to bacterial infections and successive trauma to the tissue. These mediators are divided in inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon (IFN) and interleukins (IL) IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β (that intensify the inflammatory process); and anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 (that control de inflammatory process). IL-6 and IL-1β are one of the major proinflammatory interleukins secreted in dental caries and gingivitis [3–7].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biofilm
- Bone Resorption
- Epithelium
- Inflammation
- Gums
- Periodontal Disease
- Dental Plaque
- Tooth Loss
- Bad Breath
- Stippling