China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Prenatal Care
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Gabriele Saccone, Kerri Sendek
All women of age <25 years (strongest risk factor), multiple sex partners, new partner within the past 3 months, single marital status, inconsistent use of barrier contraception, previous or concurrent sexually transmitted infection (STI), vaginal discharge, mucopurulent cervicitis, friable cervix, or signs of cervicitis on physical examination should be screened. Some agencies advocate universal chlamydia screening. Rescreen in the third trimester if at increased risk for infection. Screening using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is most accurate (see Chap. 36 in Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines).
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: An Underestimated Serious Health Problem
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
The female genital system is classified into upper and lower parts. PID is defined as an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper genital tract of the female (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, parametrium, and adjacent pelvic structures including adjacent peritoneum). Infection and inflammation may spread up to the abdomen with predilection of the perihepatic region causing perihepatitis with a characteristic Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome manifested by pain and classic violin adhesions [11]. PID includes endometritis, myometritis, oophoritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis alone or in combination. Some authors make the definition more flexible and include inflammation of the cervix, which is actually part of the lower genital tract. Previously, in a large study [12], we examined the cervix in 3500 patients and documented different forms of cervicitis without reporting PID in any patients. If the cervix is involved in a patient with PID, one should expect upward spread of infection via the endocervical canal. Minimal tenderness on moving the cervix as a major criterion of PID does not signify a local cervical lesion, but rather informs about the magnitude of spread of pelvic inflammation. The CDC defines PID as a clinical syndrome that results from the ascension of microorganisms from the cervix and vagina to the upper genital tract [13]. Thus, PID is a term that covers a wide range of pelvic infections and inflammation.
Recognizing the Alcoholic or Substance-Abusing Patient in Your Practice
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
There are many findings in the genitourinary (GU) system that are suggestive of drug abuse. The bladder sometimes loses tone in chronic opiate users, with resultant distension and/or infection. In the male, testicular atrophy is prevalent in alcoholics and opiate users; if the testes are actually measured, this finding will be found to be present in the majority but sufficient to be striking only occasionally. All sexually transmitted diseases occur more commonly in abusing persons. In women a prominent cervicitis or vaginal discharge may be the clue that there is a problem. Chlamydia infections are much more common in abusing persons. Abusing females have many more gynecologial problems, including amenorrhea, meno-metrorrhagia, and apparent sterility, but these are not very specific.
In vivo spectroscopy: optical fiber probes for clinical applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Ajaya Kumar Barik, Sanoop Pavithran M, Jijo Lukose, Rekha Upadhya, Muralidhar V Pai, V.B. Kartha, Santhosh Chidangil
Often in the multi-fiber probes, each fiber bundle starts as separate bundles at their origin, the two bundles are enclosed in a single probe head at the sample end to keep incidence and collection regions identical. The schematics of such a system are shown in Figure 1d. Figure 1e shows the photograph of such a system [11,13] with one end bifurcated (for connection to laser and spectrograph) and the other end with the 6-around-1 configuration (Figure 1c.(i)) enclosed in a single probe head. Here the laser and spectrograph system is mounted on a trolley, and the probe, about 3 meters long, is being used to examine the different sites in the oral cavity. This type of setup has been used to differentiate cervical cancer from chronic cervicitis reported recently [24]. As seen here, the system is quite compact, with both laser and spectrometer in one unit, and the flexible probe will allow measurements at any desired point without the need for moving the entire setup.
The expression of p16 and galectin-3 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) uterine cervix
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Rabish Kumar, Shramana Mandal, Prerna Arora, Y. M. Mala, Nita Khurana
The study of the expression of galectin-3 in CIN and SCC showed that galectin-3 expression was more pronounced in SCC and HSIL (proportion of 3+ or 4+ expression was seen in >78% of cases), as compared to LSIL (where only a proportion of 1+ or 2+ expression was seen). There was progressive increase in expression of galectin-3 from LSIL to HSIL, with no difference in HSIL and SCC cases. A statistically significant association of galectin-3 with histological diagnosis was noted (p-value < .05). These findings were similar to those of Li et al. (2017). Li et al. (2017) observed that normal cervix showed positivity of 13.3%, Cervicitis 14.3%, CIN-I 39.3%, CIN-II 54.8%, CIN-III 70% and cervical carcinoma 88.1%. Ma et al. reported that galectin-3 expression in CIN I was 30%, CIN-II 37.5% and CIN-III 63.3%. They concluded that galectin-3 expression in cervical tissue correlated with the degree of CIN and carcinoma. Kim et al. (2011) suggested that galectin-3 protein was mainly expressed in HSILs (>50% expression in 80% of cases) and carcinoma (>50% expression in 75% of cases). In contrast, in LSIL the expression was 25–49% in 94% of cases. The intensity of galectin-3 expression increased as the cervical lesion progressed to carcinoma. In contrast, Lee et al. (2006) observed that on real-time quantitative RT-PCR galectin-3 expression in tumour cells were significantly downregulated, compared with the corresponding normal tissue.
Characterization of DNA hydroxymethylation profile in cervical cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Jing Wang, Yi Su, Yongju Tian, Yan Ding, Xiuli Wang
The tissue specimens from three cervicitis and twelve cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) patients were selected from the medical records of the Department of Gynecology of Yuhuangding Hospital from January to July 2017. Six tumor specimens were surgically excised from the patients with I–IIa stage, while four cervicitis and the other six tumor specimens with IIb–IV were harvested by cervical biopsy. Tumor stage was evaluated according to the FIGO staging standards [15]. The age of the patients was 38.4 ± 4.82 years for cervicitis and 42.6 ± 7.15 years for CSCC. None of the patients in this study received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery. All the patients understood and signed the informed consent. Signed informed consent and ethics committee documents of Ethics Committee of The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University were all provided to approve this study.