Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla. It stimulates both the α- and β-adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. Epinephrine injections are used in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type I) including anaphylaxis to insects, allergen immunotherapy, foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g. radiocontrast media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic or exercise-induced anaphylaxis. This agent is also used in hay fever, rhinitis, acute sinusitis, bronchial asthmatic paroxysms, syncope due to complete heart block or carotid sinus hypersensitivity, serum sickness, urticaria, angioedema, for resuscitation in cardiac arrest following anesthetic accidents, in simple (open-angle) glaucoma, for relaxation of uterine musculature and to inhibit uterine contractions. Epinephrine can also be utilized to prolong the action of local anesthetics, for the maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgery and as a hemostatic agent. In addition, epinephrine is used as an over-the- counter agent for the intermittent symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Károly Baintner in Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
Babies fed casein hydrolysate during the first 3 months of life had lower antibody titers against proteins of subsequently fed cow’s-milk- or soybean-based formulas than infants given these formulas from birth on.351 According to clinical observations,1093 the incidence of allergy considerably decreases after 2 years of age. Osváth1092 calls this phenomenon “closure,” although it has nothing in common with closure in the rat, piglet, or calf. It is, rather, the development of protein digestion and/or of local immunity that may account for these differences. Salivary secretion of slgA is absent at birth,527 but markedly increases in infants between 10 and 20 days of age, reaches a high level by 1 month,1302 and the adult level by 6 to 8 years193 or by 12 years.14 Parallel changes take place in the gut. There is a deficiency of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the rectal submucosa up to the age of 12 days, and few active cells are seen in the lymph nodes in the same period.1131 In the rectal submucosa, IgM-containing cells were the most numerous in the first postnatal weeks, but IgA-containing cells overgrew them by 1 month of age. IgG-containing lymphocytes remained infrequent, and also IgE-containing cells were rarely seen.1131 It is known that local immunity decreases protein absorption (see Chapter 6, Section V). The absence of secreted anti-milk protein antibodies, with high titers in the serum, predisposes children to milk allergy.1093
Allergy to Arthropods
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard in The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
People encounter insects almost everywhere. Inevitably, thousands of persons are stung or bitten daily. For most people, local pain, swelling, and itching are the only effects, and they gradually abate. For others, life-threatening allergic reactions occur. More people die each year in the United States from bee and wasp stings than from snake bites.1 Why? Probably because more people are exposed to stinging insects than to venomous snakes; therefore, some individuals become hypersensitive to such stings. Consider fire ants. They are so numerous and widespread in the southern United States that >50% of persons may be stung each year,2 and as much as 17% of the population is sensitized.3 Freeman4 reported that fire ants were responsible for 42% of visits to an allergy clinic in San Antonio, Texas.
Food immunotherapy: current status and future needs
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
F-OIT is not without risk. Allergic reactions generally occur during treatment, but these are usually mild or moderate in severity for most patients. Common allergic reactions include gastrointestinal symptoms (oral itching, abdominal pain), skin reactions (hives, angioedema), and respiratory symptoms (cough, wheeze). Anaphylaxis may also occur in 10–20% of patients, with studies reporting different rates [6,8]. Generally, allergic reactions are seen during the buildup and early maintenance phase, and tend to decrease significantly over time, with longer term maintenance. It has been observed that, frequently, co-factors such as infection or exercise are responsible for inducing allergic reactions during F-OIT; as a result, it is advised that patients avoid exercise for 2 hours after dosing and dosing may be interrupted or reduced during periods of illness (safe dosing rules) [9]. It is generally accepted that F-OIT is a safe intervention, with significant patient benefits, provided it is performed by allergy specialists that have a good understanding of this therapy and that patients comply with the safety instructions.
Pathways of atopic disease and neurodevelopmental impairment: assessing the evidence for infant antibiotics
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Elizabeth Volker, Carmen Tessier, Nicole Rodriguez, Jerome Yager, Anita Kozyrskyj
Food sensitization, determined by skin prick testing or serum IgE levels to the allergen, affects up to 28% of preschool children; while it may not develop into food allergy, food sensitization is a first and strong indication of immune deviation toward the development of atopic disease [60–62]. The resultant immune response involves the production of IgE antibodies to the allergen, which start the inflammation process, or food hypersensitivity or allergy. Repeated allergen exposure increases the likelihood of full-blown allergy. If the allergen is blocked by serum or intestinal immunoglobulins, the immune response will be diminished and tolerance to the allergen will occur. Among the various food allergens, infant sensitization to peanut is the most likely to persist in later childhood and/or to proceed to food allergy [63,64].
Major severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-associated adverse effects; benefits outweigh the risks
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh, Armin Jahani Maleki, Amirhosein Moradi, Amir Siahmansouri, Mohammad Javad Yavari, Parsa Karami, Reza Elahi
Allergic reactions might occur secondary to environmental allergens, foods, and medicines, including drugs and vaccines. Allergic reactions can range from mild to more serious forms and even death. However, the systemic and severe type of allergic reaction, also known as anaphylaxis, is a type I hypersensitivity reaction that can occur minutes after vaccine shots. According to data reported by the CDC and the FDA, the incidence rate of anaphylaxis was 2.5 and 11.1 cases per million after receiving the first dose of Moderna and Pfizer, respectively [159,160]. Consistently, a meta-analysis by Greenhawt et al. found that 7.91 cases per million developed anaphylaxis following mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [161]. Another study has recently reported the incidence of anaphylaxis to be 0.3% in partially vaccinated and 0.2% in fully vaccinated individuals [162]. Most of the anaphylactic cases occurred within 30 minutes after mRNA vaccine administration [159,160]. A major number of cases with anaphylaxis had a positive history of allergy. Moreover, about 81% of anaphylaxis cases following the Pfizer vaccine had a previous history of food, medicines, and insect sting allergies. Also, 33% of cases had a history of an anaphylactic reaction [160].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Asthma
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Rash
- Anaphylaxis
- Immune System
- Hypersensitivity
- Food Allergy
- Sneeze