Immunoglobulin E: Pathogenic Relevance in Urticaria and Eczema
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
IgE-binding antigens have typically been related with external antigens (typically called allergen), such as aeroallergens and food allergens (Figure 11.4). According to the size of those antigens, the allergic response can be clinically different. Small aeroallergens usually induce asthma, whereas larger ones can induce rhinitis or conjunctivitis. Food allergens can also induce type I or type IV hypersensitivity reactions as anaphylaxis or CUS. The ability of an allergen to induce an allergic response, also called allergenicity, is defined by two properties: 1) the potential to induce symptoms by cross-linking of membrane-bound allergen-specific IgE on effector cells (positive skin test in sensitized patients) and 2) the potential to induce allergen-specific IgE antibodies through a B-cell isotype switches (IL-4, IL-13).[49] For instance, the consumption of apple can induce allergic symptoms in those patients who are allergic to peach or birch pollinosis; however, rarely will it induce specific IgE antibodies against apple proteins.[50]
First Response
Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan in Diagnosing and Treating Common Problems in Paediatrics, 2017
Two or more of the following that occur rapidly after exposure to a likely allergen for that patient (minutes to hours):involvement of the skin and mucosal tissue characterised by generalised hives (urticaria), itch, flushing and swellingrespiratory compromise characterised by stridor, bronchospasm, dyspnoea or hypoxiacardiovascular compromise characterised by hypotension and/or collapsepersistent gastrointestinal symptoms characterised by crampy abdominal pain and vomiting.
Indoor Air Quality
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Dust mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, are arthropods from the class Arachnida that colonize bedding sofas, carpets, and any other woven material within the home. Dust mites are the most common allergen worldwide. They are found infrequently at high altitude, in arid conditions, and in areas exposed to long, cold winters due to low humidity. Aside from causing allergic disease, dust mites do not pose any other risk to human health. Mites, and the debris they produce, are microscopic, absorb moisture from the environment, and feed on dead animal and human skin cells. It is not the mite itself, but its fecal particles, that result in a strong allergic response in up to 26% of Americans.72 Dust mite particles are large and heavy and when dispersed from their source only remain aerosolized for up to 15 minutes, settling very quickly.73 This makes air purifiers such as HEPA filters ineffective with dust mite antigen removal. Although dust mites are found frequently in carpets and upholstered furniture, the most common sources are bed mattresses. Dust mite allergens can worsen preexisting asthma but are not known to directly cause it. Table 52.3 contains control measures that can reduce dust mite allergen burden.
Pathways of atopic disease and neurodevelopmental impairment: assessing the evidence for infant antibiotics
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Elizabeth Volker, Carmen Tessier, Nicole Rodriguez, Jerome Yager, Anita Kozyrskyj
Food sensitization, determined by skin prick testing or serum IgE levels to the allergen, affects up to 28% of preschool children; while it may not develop into food allergy, food sensitization is a first and strong indication of immune deviation toward the development of atopic disease [60–62]. The resultant immune response involves the production of IgE antibodies to the allergen, which start the inflammation process, or food hypersensitivity or allergy. Repeated allergen exposure increases the likelihood of full-blown allergy. If the allergen is blocked by serum or intestinal immunoglobulins, the immune response will be diminished and tolerance to the allergen will occur. Among the various food allergens, infant sensitization to peanut is the most likely to persist in later childhood and/or to proceed to food allergy [63,64].
Demodex and eye disease
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
As a commensal organism, the pathogenicity of Demodex in humans continues to be debated. As such, it is accepted that some presence of Demodex is part of the normal skin flora,19,60 with little to no associated symptoms.46 When demodicosis occurs, this can lead to symptoms typical of blepharitis, such as ocular discomfort, swollen eyelids, and itching.61 Itching, especially along the lid margin, is the predominant symptom reported in cases of D. folliculorum.35,38,46,62–65 There is a positive correlation between itching and Demodex, with its presence increasing the risk of having Demodex by 2.5 times.64 Itching may be explained in part by the over‐expression of allergen‐coding genes, which may contribute to a Type I allergic reaction.25
Dermatophagoides spp. hypoallergens design: what has been achieved so far?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Eduardo Santos da Silva, Carina Silva Pinheiro, Luis Gustavo Carvalho Pacheco, Neuza Maria Alcantara-Neves
These allergenic serine proteases of Dermatophagoides spp. were only identified in our analyses as hypoallergenic variants in articles (Figure 3(b)) [41,45]. Previous studies conducted in tropical regions showed that 14–54% and 16% of Dermatophagoides spp.-allergic patients displayed IgE reactivity to Der p 3 and Der f 3, respectively [41,45,99,100]. Recently, it has been proposed that Der f 3 may trigger the Th17-skewed allergic response through protease-activated receptors [101]. In addition, these allergens have a participation in the maturation cascade of other Dermatophagoides spp. proteases [95–97], showing that, despite classified as minor allergens, their contribution in the whole context of Dermatophagoides spp. allergenicity maybe be currently underestimated.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atopy
- Immunoglobulin E
- Parasitic Disease
- Pollen
- Type I Hypersensitivity
- Immune System
- Allergy
- Antigen
- Immune Response
- House Dust Mite