Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Immune: Systemic lupus erythematosus.Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS).Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody-related (NMDAR) encephalitis.Anti-GABAAR antibody encephalitis.Anti-dopamine receptor D2 antibody-associated basal ganglia encephalitis.Paraneoplastic anti-Ma2, CV2/CRMP5, and anti-Ri encephalitis.Anti–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody encephalitis.Postinfectious.Hemolytic uremic syndrome.Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
Central nervous system
Dave Maudgil, Anthony Watkinson in The Essential Guide to the New FRCR Part 2A and Radiology Boards, 2017
Are the following statements regarding multiple sclerosis (MS) and demyelination true or false? White matter lesions in the corpus callosum are highly specific for MS.T1-weighted images are more sensitive for white matter lesions than fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images.Lesions in the spinal cord are seen in 10–20% of cases of MS.White matter lesions are typically orientated medio-laterally.In acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) both grey and white matter lesions may be seen.
Introduction to brain damage part two
Barbara A. Wilson, Samira Kashinath Dhamapurkar, Anita Rose in Surviving Brain Damage After Assault, 2016
There are a few accounts of recovery from the VS and the MCS (see, for example, Reimer & LeNavenec, 2005, and Beckinschtein et al., 2005). Wilson, Gracey and Bainbridge (2001) also describe the cognitive recovery of a young woman who survived ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis). Dewar, Pickard and Wilson (2008) followed up five patients in the vegetative state and seven in the minimally conscious state at least 2 years after initial contact to investigate whether there had been any improvement. Initially, all had been assessed on the Wessex Head Injury Matrix, so at follow-up, this was re-administered. In addition, the Functional Independence Measure, the Rivermead Motor Index and a psychosocial questionnaire were administered to explore functional and psychosocial outcome. Most of the patients showed some improvement, but all were still very dependent physically, and all required a high level of support in their activities of daily living.
Spinal cord involvement in COVID-19: A review
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Ravindra Kumar Garg, Vimal Kumar Paliwal, Ankit Gupta
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an immune-mediated disorder that affects the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Utukuri et al. reported about a 44-year-old male presenting with acute myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in the conus medullaris and periventricular regions of the brain. Later, the patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and showed moderate improvement following intravenous immunoglogulin (IVIG) treatment and plasmapheresis.34 Novi et al. reported about a 64-year-old woman complaining of acutely developed bilateral vision loss along with sensory deficit in the right leg, and neuroimaging showed a single spinal cord lesion at the T8 level with bilateral optic nerve sheath enhancement. The serum of the patient tested negative for antiaquaporin-4 and MOG antibodies; however, the patient tested positive for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The patient improved significantly following corticosteroid treatment.35
Clinical presentation of a neuropsychiatric lupus patient with symmetrical basal ganglia lesions containing cytotoxic oedema cores surrounded by vasogenic oedema
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2020
Syoko Tsubouchi, Haeru Hayashi, Koichiro Tahara, Kayo Ishii, Takuya Yasuda, Yusuke Yamamoto, Takahiro Mizuuchi, Hiroaki Mori, Mayu Tago, Eri Kato, Tetsuji Sawada
A 28-year-old Japanese woman with a one-month history of intermittent fever occasionally reaching over 38 °C, was admitted to a hospital following complaints of headache accompanied by high fever up to 40 °C, nausea and vomiting. Although she was alert and conscious, there was nuchal rigidity and lumbar puncture revealed elevation of white blood cells (WBCs) (48 cells/ μL with 67% mononuclear cells). She was diagnosed with viral or bacterial meningitis and was intravenously administered acyclovir and meropenem. Brain MRI, which was performed 3 days after admission, showed no abnormalities (Figure 1(A)). However, fever and nuchal rigidity persisted despite treatment, and the second brain MRI, performed 4 days after the first, revealed the presence of multiple high intensity lesions on T2W images and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images (Figures 1(B) and 2) showed lesions in the basal ganglia (head of caudate and lenticular nuclei). Each T2W/FLAIR high intensity region in the basal ganglia could be divided into two parts: (1) small round region located at the centre of basal ganglia that was hyperintense on DWI and hypointense on ADC; (2) surrounding region that ranged from isointense to slightly hyperintense on DWI and hyperintense on ADC. The disseminated deep grey-matter lesions led to a tentative diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and she was transferred to our hospital.
Oligoclonal bands: clinical utility and interpretation cues
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Sara Carta, Diana Ferraro, Sergio Ferrari, Chiara Briani, Sara Mariotto
Myelin oligodendrocytes glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder (MOGAD) refers to a distinct group of recently identified inflammatory CNS diseases. Onset is usually characterized by optic neuritis, myelitis, brainstem symptoms, encephalitis, or a combination of these syndromes in adults, while children present most commonly with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). MOG-antibody presence is usually detected in serum but paired CSF positivity is quite common (41%) [92,93]. In addition, the presence of CSF-restricted MOG-antibodies in patients with a compatible phenotype has been recently reported, suggesting that in some cases the disease might be driven by intrathecal antibody-producing cells [92,94,95]. In this condition, CSF-restricted OCBs appear to be even less common than in AQP4-positive NMOSD (5–12.3%) [10–13]. In addition, recent studies have shown that the frequency of pleocytosis and OCBs varies according to the clinical phenotype, with brain, brainstem, and spinal cord damage associated with a higher frequency of OCBs compared to optic nerve involvement [12,13]. According to the available data, the presence of MOG-Abs in serum and/or CSF does not correlate with CSF-restricted OCBs, but future studies focusing on this topic are needed [94].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Autoimmunity
- Demyelinating Disease
- Vaccination
- Virus
- Infection
- Spinal Cord
- White Matter
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Brain
- Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of The Central Nervous System