Less Common Lung and Bronchial Tumours; Bronchiolo-Alveolar Ca., Carcinoids, Hamartomas, Reticuloses, Protein Disorders, Lung Deposits and Leukaemia.
Fred W Wright in Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Granulocytic sarcomas (Chloromas) arc rare extra-medullary tumours which were originally termed chloromas because of their green colour due to the high levels of the enzyme myeloperoxidase within about 70% of them. They usually arise in relation to acute or chronic myeloid leukaemia, but may occur in relationship to other myeloid proliferative disorders such as polycythaemia, myelofibrosis and eosinophilia or precede the clinical presentations of these. They can occur at any age, but are more common in the young, usually associated with leukaemia. They may be found in many tissues, including the skeleton (esp. skull, & spine), skin, soft tissues, lymph nodes, dura, the pleura and pericardium, where mesothelioma or other secondary carcinoma may be mimicked. This may give rise to fluid and circumferential or 'knobbly' thickening, and in some cases mediastinal lymph node enlargement. The tumours are often multifocal.
Innate Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases
Shyam S. Bansal in Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Following myocardial infarction, macrophages are activated by mediators released from injured and dead cardiomyocytes, including alarmins, DAMPs, nucleic acids, and lipids [109]. Tissue-resident CCR2+ macrophages (~10–15% of the total resident macrophage population) are activated by products released by ferroptotic cardiomyocytes [110], and they signal through MYD88 (an adapter protein of TLR) to orchestrate monocyte and neutrophil recruitment through the expression of chemokines CXCL2, CXCL5, CCL2, and CCL7 and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF [38, 39]. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are DAMPs recognized by TLR9 and stimulator of interferon genes (STING; expressed on resident macrophages) [38] and have been implicated in macrophage activation and heart failure [111, 112]. Myeloid-derived S100A8 and S100A9 also act as DAMPs following their release from dying immune cells and bind to receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), resulting in NF-ĸβ signaling and amplification of a feed-forward loop driven by ongoing cytokine and DAMP release. These mediators contribute to accelerated myelopoiesis and mobilization of myeloid cells from hematopoietic tissues [113]. Recent studies have shown the ability of CCR2− macrophages to interrupt this feed-forward loop [114].
Leukemias
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2020
As a pedagogical device, hematological malignancies are divided into three broad categories, leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas; however, the three categories have as many similarities as differences and can manifest at different stages of hematopoietic differentiation. Indeed, they reflect the architectural complexity of hematopoiesis, its inherent genetic heterogeneity, and the intricacies associated with the bone marrow (BM) niches.1,2 These niches can be defined as a specialized “local” BM tissue microenvironment that directly maintains and regulates the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which in turn, generates all the lineages of the blood and immune system. Myeloid malignancies arise from a clonal evolution from within the HSC, and in some cases, a maturing progenitor cell from the myeloid lineage, which has turned into a cancer-initiating cell. Lymphoid malignancies are derived from the lymphoid lineage, encompassing B-, T-, and natural killer (NK)-cells; rarely, they may arise from a histiocytic cell (a macrophage). Unlike myeloid malignancies, mature lymphoid malignancies do not appear to result from transformation of normal HSCs or progenitors; rather, they evolve from mature lymphoid cells, but many still harbor cancer stem cell compartments.3
Exploring the role of neutrophils in infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disorders
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Humans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, be it through airways, ingestion or contact [8], but not every human reacts to the same pathogen in a similar way, attributing to variable immune responses. Immune system plays its role under two different subsystems, Innate and Adaptive immune system [9]. Both systems have classified roles in fighting against the infection, but they are not independent of each other [10]. Both the systems have to work in a synchronized manner in order to defend the body against any pathogen [11]. Innate immunity is the first line, nonspecific defense of human body which comes into play within a short time span of appearance of any antigen in the body [12]. Innate immune cells comprise a broad range of myeloid and lymphoid cell types which includes, neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) etc [13]. Adaptive immunity comes into play after the antigen presentation and activation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and includes humoral and cellular immunity which functions in the final clearance of pathogen [14].
A model based on machine learning for the prediction of cyclosporin A trough concentration in Chinese allo-HSCT patients
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Lin Song, Chen-Rong Huang, Shi-Zheng Pan, Jian-Guo Zhu, Zong-Qi Cheng, Xun Yu, Ling Xue, Fan Xia, Jin-Yuan Zhang, De-Pei Wu, Li-Yan Miao
We enrolled inpatients who underwent HSCT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2015 to June 2020. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) patients who underwent allo-HSCT, (ii) patients who were treated with CsA as a component of prophylactic immunosuppression therapy to prevent GVHD and (iii) patients with two or more TDM data for CsA after HSCT. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) patients whose data were incomplete, including the lack of more than 50% blood biochemical and blood routine result, the lack of demographic characteritic and diagnosis record and the lack of source of donor; (ii) CsA TDM data with concentration >1000 ng mL−1 or <30 ng mL−1; (iii) patients who underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT); (iv) the CsA TDM data when patients were on oral CsA; and (v) patients with less than two CsA TDM data after HSCT. The flow chart of patient inclusion is shown in Figure 1. All kinds of diseases were collected in this research and classified as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, malignant lymphoma, other nonmalignant hematological diseases, and other diseases that cannot be classified.
Transcriptomic Profiling of Circulating HLA-DR– Myeloid Cells, Compared with HLA-DR+ Myeloid Antigen-presenting Cells
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Reem Saleh, Rowaida Z Taha, Varun Sasidharan Nair, Salman M Toor, Nehad M Alajez, Eyad Elkord
Immunosuppressive myeloid cells have been implicated in many pathological conditions, such as age-associated inflammation, autoimmune diseases, infections, organ transplantation, trauma, and cancer (Gabrilovich and Nagaraj 2009; Kirkwood et al. 2018). Myelopoiesis is disrupted during these pathological conditions, leading to increased levels of a heterogeneous myeloid cell population, which comprises cells halted at various stages of maturation/differentiation with a potent immunosuppressive activity, referred to as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (Awad et al. 2018; Gabrilovich and Nagaraj 2009). MDSCs have a role in maintaining immune tolerance and circulate at very low levels in healthy individuals (Khaled et al. 2013). In contrast, MDSCs circulate at higher levels in disease contexts, for instance, cancer, and their numbers increase by 10-folds (Khaled et al. 2013).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blood Cell
- Haematopoiesis
- Tissue
- Granulocyte
- Bone Marrow
- Cell Lineage
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- Progenitor Cell
- Monocyte
- Red Blood Cell