Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Fred W Wright in Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Patients with LIP are usually symptomatic with cough, dyspnoea, weight loss, lever, etc. It is usually a benign, possibly allergic, lymphoid dysplasia which causes widespread lung infiltrates, similar to those seen with pseudo-lymphoma (see p. 5.29) or accentuate the normal bronchovascular branches and inter-lobular septa to simulate lymphangitis carcinomatosa (ps. 8.11 - 13) i.e. interstitial and alveolar densities of varying severity with occasional nodular shadows. It may be related to lymphoma, be a precursor of this, or mask its presence. It may be found in patients with AIDS particularly children (ps. 19.32 - 33) and some autoimmune conditions e.g. Sjogren's syndrome (see p. 19.89 - about 25% are so affected), scleroderma, thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, chronic active hepatitis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, DLE, pernicious anaemia, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia, hypo- or macro-globulinaemia (ps. 5.46 - 48). Several workers have found evidence for a connection with both the Epstein Barr and AIDS viruses. It may be complicated by pulmonary amyloid (p. 5.43). Like other lymphoid lung diseases, it may originate anywhere in the extensive pulmonary lymphatic network. Aggregates of lymphoid tissue are present near the origins of lymphatic channels close to the respiratory bronchioles, and these are often affected (see also ps. 13.3 - 4) and may produce lung nodules. Nodules or infiltrates may be found in any part of the lung, especially the bases. Enlarged nodes or pleural effusions are rare. CT findings are non-specific and overlap lymphoid hyperplasia, atypical lymphoproliferative disease and some lymphomas.
Sleep Apnea in Children History and Physical Exam
Mark A. Richardson, Norman R. Friedman in Clinician’s Guide to Pediatric Sleep Disorders, 2016
In general, symptoms of obstruction that occur during the day will likely produce symptoms at night as well. A history of difficulty with swallowing due to enlarged tonsils, pharyngeal speech, or nasal obstruction should lead to questions about sleep and the possibility of apnea. There may often be brief episodes of nighttime breathing difficulty associated with acute upper respiratory infections that cause lymphoid enlargement. These episodes are usually self-limiting and resolve spontaneously. Supportive care during the episode is usually all that is needed. In some cases, however, once lymphoid hyperplasia occurs, prolonged symptomatic obstruction can take place. Establishing the chronicity and consistency of symptoms is critical in decision-making.
Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Canines
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The canine intestine is the site of a number of different lesions that are of little to no consequence. Simple congestion can be the result of agonal changes, inflammation, mechanical trauma, and even the process of digestion. Random in location mucoepithelial cysts can be occasionally observed. A diverticulum (e.g., Meckel’s diverticulum) is a congenital abnormal sac or outpouching occurring at a weak point in the intestinal wall, typically the distal ileum and again is uncommonly found. This defect is best described as a pouch. Intestines can protrude through defects (typically congenital) in the abdominal wall forming a hernia. Not uncommonly intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia can be observed. These are aggregates of lymphoid follicles and are typically found in the lamina propria. At necropsy these appear as little nodules. Inflammation of the large intestine can occasionally be found in the cecum and the colon. Inflammation of the granulomatous type can be observed in both the small and large intestines. The incidence of this type of inflammation is typically no more than a couple of percent. Intussusceptions have been noted to occur uncommonly in dogs. Intussusceptions occur when a segment of small or large intestine telescopes itself into a segment of contiguous intestine. Parvovirus is very rare situation as a result of vaccination, but can cause an acute enteritis where the intestinal wall as a result on the infection can become paper thin. Enteritis or inflammation of the small intestine is common and typically it is of the catarrhal type. Parasites are not common in laboratory-bred and -raised animals, but do occasionally occur. Various types of parasites that can be found are Metazoan parasites such as Giardia sp. and coccidia (Isospora sp.); Nematodes (roundworms or ascarids) such as Ancylostomiasis spp, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonine Strongyloides stercoralia and Trichuris vulpis. Cestodes or tapeworms are uncommon and the usual culprit is Dipylidium caninum. Keep in mind that many parasites can migrate through the body, causing additional lesions to their main locus.
Gut inflammation in CVID: causes and consequences
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is a common finding in the gut of CVID patients (Figure 3) detected in 38–53% of CVID patients in two cross-sectional studies, including both symptomatic and un-symptomatic patients [19,30]. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia was associated with increased numbers of circulating B-cells, but not GI symptoms [19]. Both the cause and consequences of lymphoid hyperplasia are unknown. An association between lymphoid hyperplasia and G. lamblia has been suggested [22], but lymphoid hyperplasia was frequently found (38%) in a cohort where G. lamblia was tested, but not detected [19]. We suggest that lymphoid hyperplasia in the gut is not separate from lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph nodes or in other organs, e.g. the spleen, and is a clinical manifestation of immune dysregulation and not related to GI infections.
Effect of sleep deprivation and daylight restriction on the immune response to Escherichia coli-induced septicemia in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Abayomi O. Ige, Esther O. Agbo, Dorcas J. Brown, Olakunle O. Mebude, Elsie O. Adewoye
However, interferon-γ (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are both proinflammatory cytokines [34], were not elevated in the ECIS group. This suggests that the induced septicemia in this group may not have activated chronic proinflammation cytokines at the time of sample collection (7 days post exposure). The consequent lymphoid hyperplasia noted in this group is however associated with the presence of systemic infection [35]. In addition, the elevated levels of immunoglobulin G, an antibody that protects against and controls infection, and immunoglobulin M that serve as the first line of host defense against infection and play important roles in immune regulation and tolerance [36], in the ECIS group suggested activation of immune response.
A single-institution review of lacrimal gland biopsies between 1962 and 2017
Published in Orbit, 2023
Catherine J. Choi, Ann Q. Tran, Apostolos G. Anagnostopoulos, Henry W. Zhou, David T. Tse, Sander R. Dubovy
The lymphoproliferative category made up 21% of all cases with MALT lymphoma being the predominant type. Cases reported as non-diagnostic for lymphoma often had a high clinical suspicion, and sometimes with evidence of small foci of atypia but ultimately negative for malignant lymphoma. These might be categorized as atypical lymphoid hyperplasia in other studies. In addition to representing the biopsy sampling error as above, this subset also likely demonstrates the spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders, where benign lymphoid hyperplasia and atypical lymphoid hyperplasia can eventually evolve into lymphoma.
Related Knowledge Centers
- B Cell
- Cell Growth
- Follicular Hyperplasia
- Follicular Lymphoma
- Lymph Node
- Skin
- Hyperplasia
- T Cell
- T-Cell Lymphoma
- Macrophage