Angiogenesis and Roles of Adhesion Molecules in Psoriatic Disease
Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
The majority of the angiogenesis research centers around the study of endothelial cell differentiation, proliferation, and organization in relation to other cell types. The endothelial cells form a continuous layer named the intima or endothelium (literally inner lining) that lines the inside of vertebrate blood vessels. Endothelial cells are absent in invertebrates who have “open circulation” of the hemolymph, directly bathing the tissues. Endothelial cells, the mural layers outside them, and circulating immune cells and coagulation and kinin cascades, and so forth, have coevolved into a sophisticated machinery that maintains this barrier between blood and the tissue, and yet maintains perfusion and exchanges all through life. Endothelial cells in vitro are capable of forming tubes by themselves if cultured on Matrigel or a similar three-dimensional (3-D) scaffold of extracellular matrix (ECM).
Invertebrate Permeability with Whole Organisms
Gheorghe Benga in Water Transport in Biological Membranes, 1989
Control of the body water budget is an important aspect of the physiology of all organisms but is particularly important in forms inhabiting fluctuating salinities. All animals must respire, and this necessitates the presence of an area of surface that is permeable to gaseous exchange; such areas are generally also permeable to water so that when an osmotic gradient is present water passes across the body surface. Corrective measures must then be taken by the animal in order to maintain the correct water budget. Aquatic forms experience passive fluxes into and out of the body across the permeable surface. These fluxes will be unequal if there is an osmotic gradient across the body wall resulting in a net flow of water in one direction. Many euryhaline invertebrates maintain an osmotic gradient between their hemolymph and the external medium. For instance, the euryhaline isopod Sphaeroma rugicauda1 is hypotonic at high salinities and hypertonic at low salinities. If the hemolymph is more concentrated than the external medium, then the net flow will be into the animal and vice versa. These net fluxes can threaten the homeostasis of the hemolymph and hence the cells if the animals are unable to compensate. Measurement of the osmotic gradient across the surface together with the gross fluxes enable an assessment to be made of the net water movements and hence further interpretations of the various adaptive mechanisms of organisms to a variety of habitats.
Important biological features
Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman in The Laboratory GUINEA PIG, 2016
The spleen is located in a similar position to that of other mammals and is broad and irregular in shape. Microscopically it consists of lymphatic tissue arranged around small arteries, and is actually a hemolymph node.The thymus lies entirely within the neck of the guinea pig and consists of two elongated oval lobes arranged on each side of the ventral midline. These structures are prominent in immature animals. Involution of the organ occurs as the animal ages, with mostly fatty tissue remaining by 12 months of age. Hassall’s corpuscles, organizations of epithelial cells, are found within the thymus.20
Mechanisms of nanotoxicity – biomolecule coronas protect pathological fungi against nanoparticle-based eradication
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Roland H. Stauber, Dana Westmeier, Madita Wandrey, Sven Becker, Dominic Docter, Guo-Bin Ding, Eckhard Thines, Shirley K. Knauer, Svenja Siemer
Currently, research heavily relies on murine models for studying the activity of nano-based antimicrobials as well as determining nanotoxicology (Docter, Westmeier, et al. 2015; Westmeier, Hahlbrock, et al. 2018). However, there is a growing public consciousness demanding alternative experimental models, as there are ethical, financial, and logistical problems connected with the use of mammals. Galleria mellonella can be infected by numerous microorganisms including fungi or bacteria, and thus is suggested to investigate infections and their therapies (Tsai, Loh, and Proft 2016; Siemer, Westmeier, et al. 2018). Galleria mellonella larvae can be easily and inexpensively obtained in large numbers and have a short life cycle. While lacking a typical vertebrate adaptive immune response, insects possess well-developed innate responses with remarkable similarities to vertebrates. In particular, their antifungal immunity also involves cellular and humoral components. The hemolymph system contains different types of hemocytes, important for recognition and elimination of microorganisms. Moreover, insects and humans have evolutionary conserved antimicrobial peptides, including defensins (Jiang et al. 2018; Gomez-Lopez et al. 2014; Ramarao, Nielsen-Leroux, and Lereclus 2012). Recently, we found that NM-coatings acquired in the environment reduce the sensitivity of A. fumigatus spores against defensins, resulting in reduced uptake and clearance by the immune defense system and ultimately enhancing the severity of fungal lung infections (Westmeier, Solouk-Saram, et al. 2018).
A systematic review of the bioprospecting potential of Lonomia spp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Henrique G. Riva, Angela R. Amarillo-S.
Most of the authors used sixth-instar caterpillars (a phase in insect development) in their research (Maranga et al.2003, Souza et al.2005, Mendonça et al.2008, 2009, Vieira et al.2010, Sousa et al.2015), while a few authors did not report the instar of the insects (Fritzen et al.2005, Raffoul et al.2005, Alvarez-Flores et al.2006). No article could be found that investigated other phases of Lonomia development. This could be an interesting topic of further research considering that the metamorphosis process of insects is highly regulated by activation, differentiation and apoptosis in specific tissues. The corresponding signaling molecules probably pass through the hemolymph, which makes this fluid very promising for research related to the use in cell culture (Maranga et al.2003).
CNS serotonin content mediating food deprivation-enhanced learning is regulated by hemolymph tryptophan concentration and autophagic flux in the pond snail
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Yuki Totani, Junko Nakai, Dai Hatakeyama, Varvara E. Dyakonova, Ken Lukowiak, Etsuro Ito
Tryptophan (KA1916, Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan) and 5-HT (KA2518, Abnova) concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The hemolymph samples were collected as follows. After the water around the snail was wiped off with absorbent paper, the snail’s foot was poked with a needle to make it retract into the shell to expel hemolymph from the renal pore; the hemolymph sample was collected and centrifuged at 2500×g for 10 min at 4°C; and the supernatant was separated and stored at −20°C. The CNS samples were collected as follows. The dissected CNS was sonicated in the ice-cold Lymnaea saline (10 mM HEPES at pH 7.9, 50 mM NaCl, 1.6 mM KCl, 2.0 mM MgCl2 and 3.5 mM CaCl2). To avoid oxidative degradation of the 5-HT, the samples were sonicated in saline with the stabilizer provided in the ELISA kit. Because the amount of tryptophan in the CNS is very small, we combined CNS tryptophan samples from 5 snails into a single sample for measurement. After sonication, the samples were centrifuged at 18,000×g for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatants were separated and stored at −20°C.