Wound Healing, Ulcers, and Scars
Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang in Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Overview: The wound healing process can be divided into three main phases: A coagulation phase in which platelets are initially recruited to form a hemostatic plug. This phase also includes an inflammatory process involving the recruitment of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and/or macrophages, to the site of injury.A migratory or re-epithelialization stage occurs early in the wound healing process.A dermal repair and remodeling phase occurs within months of the initial wound event. Any aberrations during these stages of wound healing can lead to chronic wound complications, as well as nonhealing ulcers.
Briefing Therapeutic Approaches in Anticoagulant, Thrombolytic, and Antiplatelet Therapy
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti in Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
The coagulation initiates through intrinsic or extrinsic clotting cascade as presented in Figure 7.2. These cascades are not independent. Instigation of coagulation (extrinsic pathway) occurs in arteries or veins by the tissue factor (TF) which is in response to tissue injury. The extrinsic pathway is essential for the initiation of fibrin formation while the intrinsic pathway is involved in fibrin growth and maintenance. TF is a small molecular weight glycoprotein, which is expressed on the surface of macrophages. Classically, tissue factor is not present in the plasma, but only present on cell surfaces at a wound site. As tissue factor is “extrinsic” to the circulation, the pathway was thusly named [1].
Dopamine in the Immune and Hematopoietic Systems
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Coagulation is a multistep process of blood clot formation aimed at stopping bleeding (Figure 9.7). When the entire coagulation cascade works properly, blood holds together firmly at an injury site and bleeding stops. People who have a bleeding disorder are unable to make strong clots quickly or at all. To minimize bleeding and prevent blood loss after tissue injury, three components are coordinately activated: blood platelets, endothelial cells, and circulating coagulation factors. The clotting process can be viewed as four interrelated events: (1) vessel compression and vasoconstriction, (2) formation of a platelet plug, (3) blood coagulation, and (4) clot retraction and thrombus dissolution [28].
Antiplatelet properties of snake venoms: a mini review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rogayyeh Rashidi, Mahmoud Gorji Valokola, Seyedeh Zohreh Kamrani Rad, Leila Etemad, Ali Roohbakhsh
Coagulation or clotting is defined as the transformation of blood from a liquid to gel. In mammals, coagulation is promoted by both cellular (platelets) and protein (coagulation factors) components. Platelets are non-nucleated, disc-shaped blood cells, 2–4 µm in diameter, which are derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes (Pluthero and Kahr 2018). They are responsible for primary hemostasis and control of bleeding in case of injuries. Platelet aggregation includes a series of events. These events begin with the adhesion of platelets to the subendothelium. After that, platelets are activated and undergo a shape change. Subsequently, they release granular contents and fibrin-stabilized platelet aggregates, and clot retraction is induced (Ho-Tin-Noe et al. 2018). Platelets have two major intracellular components including granules and dense bodies. The granules contain platelet thrombospondin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, platelet factor (Heijnen and van der Sluijs 2015), platelet-derived growth factor, b-thromboglobulin, and coagulation factors V and VIII. Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a large glycoprotein exists in the plasma and is produced constitutively in the endothelium and megakaryocytes (Poirault-Chassac et al. 2013). Platelets play three essential steps in hemostasis including adhesion, activation and secretion, and aggregation.
Computational modeling of hypercoagulability in COVID-19
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ge Zhu, Susree Modepalli, Mohan Anand, He Li
The human blood coagulation cascade is a complex biochemical process (Schenone et al. (2004)). The primary function of human blood coagulation is to minimize blood loss during vascular injury due to physical trauma. Hemostasis refers to the process by which the body controls blood loss after an injury by secreting enzymes to form a clot and cover the injury sites. The human body maintains homeostasis by maintaining balance among three major hemostatic processes: vasodilation, blood coagulation and clot dissolution. The excessive progress of any of these three hemostatic processes can lead to abnormal hemostasis and potentially fatal consequences. For example, lack of sufficient concentration of coagulation factors (hemophilia) or abnormal fibrinolysis (Francis (1989)) can lead to rapid blood loss (Zimmerman and Valentino (2013)) and excessive generation of prothrombotic factors can lead to undesired blood clotting (thrombosis)(Zoller et al. (1999)). Both hemophilia and thrombosis can lead to fatalities. As a result, maintaining hemostasis is key to maintaining healthy physiology.
The antithrombosis effect of dehydroandrographolide succinate: in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Bowen Yin, Shuhua Zhang, Yuxi Huang, Yuanzhu Long, Yiguo Chen, Shiyun Zhao, Aiqun Zhou, Minghua Cao, Xiaoming Yin, Daya Luo
In this study, we identified DAS has the roles of inhibiting TXA2, enhancing AT-III and activating some coagulation factors, antithrombosis in clinical treatment. On the one hand, DAS significantly reduces the contents of procoagulant products by inhibiting thromboxane synthesis, subsequently inhibiting platelet aggregation. On the other hand, DAS significantly enhances the activity of AT-III and thus antagonises coagulation function. At the same time, it also consolidates coagulation function by activating various coagulation factors, ensuring that the coagulation function is not excessively inhibited and thus significantly reducing the risk of bleeding. Thus, DAS could potentially apply to thromboprophylaxis treatment, which provides a reliable theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical application.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cell Adhesion
- Fibrin
- Hemostasis
- Platelet
- Thrombus
- Endothelium
- Blood
- Gel
- Platelet-Activating Factor
- Tissue Factor