Blood transfusion and rhesus disease
Michael J. O’Dowd in The History of Medications for Women, 2020
What happened in the different animal species also occurred with humans and a persons blood could not always be given to another human with safety. The reason for that incompatibility was finally explained by Carl Landsteiner (1900) of the Institute of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Vienna. He and his coworkers demonstrated that mixing red cells of one person with the serum taken from another sometimes resulted in agglutination, that is, a clumping together of the red cells and later called isoagglutination. They discovered, in a study of 22 adults, that human blood contained naturally occurring antibodies which reacted with antigens of other humans (Landsteiner, 1901). Those red cell antigens were named A and B and due to Landsteiner’s experiments the classical ABO blood group system was formulated. The original ABO classification divided the human race into four groups, A, B, AB and O. Group O had neither A nor B antigens on their red cells, and could donate blood with safety to persons of all groups and became known as universal donors. Group AB individuals had neither anti-A nor anti-B in their serum and could receive blood of any group with safety and were known as universal recipients.
The Ultrastructure And Pathobiology Of Urinary Bladder Cancer
George T. Bryan, Samuel M. Cohen in The Pathology of Bladder Cancer, 2017
Another cell surface antigen, related to a different blood group system, the MN antigens, is the cryptantigen T.96 It is established that the T specificity (T is an abbreviation for Thomsen-Friedenreich specificity)269 is expressed after unmasking the T-specific haptenic structure by neuraminidase, which releases terminal sialyl groups that normally conceal the specificity on human erythrocytes. Unmasking of the T antigen by desialylation of the MN antigen of erythrocytes is the mechanism of the panagglutinability of erythrocytes by all human sera during bacteremias and viremias caused by neuraminidase containing organisms.270-272 In human erythrocytes, the MN and cryptantigen T specificities are on the integral protein glycophorin, whereas the ABH specificity is probably on the major anion transport protein, the so-called band 3. As is the case for the ABH blood group antigens, T antigen is represented on epithelial cells in many organs including urinary bladder.97,273,274 In most epithelia, T antigenic receptors are shielded by O-glycosidically linked carbohydrates.96 In urinary bladder, the T-specific structure requires unmasking by neuraminidase for its demonstration,97 but does not terminate in M and N immunodeterminants.415
Physiology of blood
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
The Rhesus blood group system is next to the ABO in clinical importance. The Rh system is named after the Rhesus monkey, the red cells of which stimulated antibodies when they were injected into rabbits and guinea pigs. Although the Rhesus monkey antigen is similar to the Rh D antigen of human red cells, it is not identical. Human red cells have both the monkey antigen and a separate Rh antigen. The Rh D antigen is a protein of molecular weight 30,000 Da. The serological activity of the Rh antigen is governed by the amino acid sequence and the presence of specific phospholipids.
Relationship between ABO blood groups and preeclampsia
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2020
Nanhathai Mahasub, Dittakarn Boriboonhirunsarn
The ABO blood group system is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and it is the most generally used blood group classification in clinical practice. The ABO antigens are also highly expressed on the surface of a variety of human cells and tissues, including epithelium, sensory neurons, platelets, and vascular endothelium (1). Many studies have shown the association between ABO blood group and certain diseases including infections, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and nervous system diseases (2–5). Relationship between ABO blood group and pregnancy complications has also been investigated in many previous studies, but with conflicting results. It is still controversial whether there are associations between ABO blood type and various adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and related disorders, venous thromboembolism, postpartum hemorrhage, and gestational diabetes (6).
Silent red blood cell autoantibodies: Are they naturally occurring or an effect of tolerance loss for a subsequent autoimmune process?
Published in Autoimmunity, 2020
Honorio Torres-Aguilar, Sorely Adelina Sosa-Luis, William de Jesús Ríos-Ríos, María de los Ángeles Romero-Tlalolini, Sergio Roberto Aguilar-Ruiz
The International Society of Blood Transfusion defines the human blood group systems based on blood cells-surface antigens controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them. Currently, these blood group systems include the common ABO and Rh systems along with other 36 major systems, all together including 360 red blood cell (RBC) antigens [1]. Hence, a person can be positive or negative for the A, B, or RhD commonly analysed antigens, but at the same time he/she might or might not bear M and N antigens of the MNS system, Lea or Leb antigens of the Lewis system, or K antigen of Kell system on the surface of his/her RBC, and so on for the multiple antigens of every blood system.
ABO Blood Groups, Rh Factor, and Thyroid Cancer Risk: To ‘B’ or Not to ‘B’
Published in Endocrine Research, 2020
Abbas Ali Tam, Didem Özdemir, Sevgül Fakı, Muhammet Cüneyt Bilginer, Reyhan Ersoy, Bekir Çakır
Human blood group antigens are glycoproteins expressed on the surface of red blood cells and several other tissue types including epithelia, sensory neurons, platelets, and the vascular endothelia.10 The ABO blood group system has a vital importance in procedures related to blood transfusion and organ transplantations. It is also fundamental in genetics, forensic medicine, anthropology, and population studies.11 ABO blood group system was associated with the development of cardiovascular, oncological, and other diseases in previous studies.12 With regard to malignant diseases, firstly in 1953, blood group A was reported to be related with gastric cancer in the study by Aird et al. 13 From then on, the relationship between the ABO blood group and the risk, incidence, and clinicopathological characteristics of different malignant diseases were investigated. The data about the possible association between thyroid cancer and ABO blood groups and Rh factor are limited in the literature. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether ABO blood groups and Rh factor status have any impact on thyroid cancer risk.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Abo Blood Group System
- Blood Transfusion
- Cord Blood
- Hemolytic Disease of The Newborn
- Antigen
- Genetic Recombination
- Locus
- Sequence Homology
- Rh Blood Group System
- Hemolytic Disease of The Newborn
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation