Specialized Circulations in Susceptible Tissues
Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos in McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
Recent studies have endorsed the views stated by Safar and O'Rourke in 2005 and expanded in this chapter (O'Rourke et al., 2010a). Impaired cognitive performance is seen as the first stage of dementia (Staessen et al., 2007) and is associated with arterial stiffness, aging and risk factors of arterial disease, including obesity, cigarette smoking, hypertension and diabetes but not cholesterol level. It is strongly associated with elevated arterial pressure (Waldstein et al., 2008) and even with high-normal blood pressure (Elias et al., 2008; Knecht et al., 2008; Elias et al., 2009; Nagai et al., 2010). There must be an age limit to this relationship since elderly people usually show a progressive fall in systolic and pulse pressure in the final years of life, in association with frailty and debility (Staessen et al., 2007; Axelsson et al., 2008). Staessen et al. (2010) presented strong data for the view that Alzheimer’s dementia, as well as vascular dementia, is caused by arterial disease and that, in midlife at least, is delayed or prevented by treatment of hypertension (Kjeldsen et al., 2018). This view continues to receive support, as from the prospective study in France on declining intellectual function in the presence of incident and continuing hypertension (Rouch et al., 2019).
Hypertension
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Primary hypertension is of no identifiable cause and has been described as “essential” hypertension. In most cases, it develops slowly over many years. Prevalence usually increases with age in most populations. However, in recent years, younger people have increasingly developed primary hypertension. Another name for primary hypertension is idiopathic hypertension. The disease often causes no symptoms until is become advanced and damaged various organs. Since it is a “silent killer,” people should have their blood pressure checked at least once every year. Warning signs for primary hypertension include many things that can also be attributed to other diseases, including blurred vision, dizziness, elevated blood pressure, headaches, nosebleeds, palpitations, and tinnitus.
Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan in Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Blood pressure is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer, which uses an inflatable cuff around the arm. Good automatic devices are available, but it is still important to be able to check the action of these devices with a manual sphygmomanometer. Choose a cuff of the right size. If the patient has a large arm, use a large cuff or the reading will be falsely high.Wrap the cuff around the patient's arm and place a stethoscope over the brachial artery at the elbow.Inflate the cuff until no sound is heard and then slowly deflate it.When the first sounds start to be heard, this is the systolic pressure as indicated on the sphygmomanometer.When the sounds finally disappear, this is the diastolic pressure.
Correlation among lipid parameters, pulse wave velocity and central blood pressure in young Korean population
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2019
Dhananjay Yadav, Suk-Jeong Kim, Jae-Ryong Kim, Kyung-Hyun Cho
The anthropometric and body composition parameters were analyzed by X scan Plus 950. The average BMI of the total study population was 22.5 kg/m2 confirming a normal weight to height squared ratio of the selected population. The intracellular water content was higher than the extracellular content of the body. The mean blood pressure of the study population shows that the participants were in a pre-hypertensive stage, although none of the participants took any medication for hypertension. Central blood pressure of the study population was in accordance with that under pre-hypertension conditions (aortic systolic blood pressure 117.4 ± 10.0 mmHg, aortic diastolic blood pressure 86.5 ± 9.1 mmHg). The aortic mean arterial pressure was found to be within a normal range. Biochemical variables such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose and HDL-C in the total study population were within normal ranges. Subcutaneous fat mass was almost eight times higher than visceral fat mass when analyzed in total studied participants.
The relationship between circadian rhythm of blood pressure and vascular dysfunction in essential hypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Yancui Sun, Ying Zhang, Fei Liu, Xiaojie Liu, Tesfaldet H. Hidru, Xiaolei Yang, Yinong Jiang
Decreased vascular function and blunted nocturnal BP decline are associated with increased age (34,35). The cause may be at an early age; elevated blood pressure causes central arterial strain to reduce and impairment of endothelial function. However, with increasing age, hemodynamics also changes (36–38). These changes result in mechanical alterations dramatically increasing arterial stiffness (36–38). Similar studies have shown a significant association between endothelial dysfunction, acute ST-segment elevation MI, and hypertension in young adults (39,40). Compared with younger patients with endothelial injuries, aging per se is a promoter of arterial stiffness. Wu et al (41). conducted a large-scale community-based longitudinal study and found that baPWV level mediated the positive association between aging and BP level. In contrast, the Bogalusa Heart Study (42) reported that elevated BP preceded increased large-artery stiffness during young adulthood. Our results indicated that nocturnal blood pressure is associated with arterial stiffness regardless of age.
Familial genetic and environmental risk profile and high blood pressure event: a prospective cohort of cardio-metabolic and genetic study
Published in Blood Pressure, 2021
Goodarz Kolifarhood, Maryam S. Daneshpour, Asiyeh Sadat Zahedi, Nasim Khosravi, Bahareh Sedaghati-Khayat, Kamran Guity, Saeid Rasekhi Dehkordi, Mahmoud Amiri Roudbar, Forough Ghanbari, Farzad Hadaegh, Fereidoun Azizi, Mahdi Akbarzadeh, Siamak Sabour
High blood pressure, as the most frequent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. A substantial number of cases with elevated blood pressure (BP) have been reported worldwide during the previous decade [2]. There is evidence supporting the effects of environmental risk factors on high BP including, high sodium-low potassium intakes and high body mass index (BMI), which probably contribute to the pathophysiologic pathway of BP regulation [3]. However, the risk of hypertension (HTN) in individuals with a family history is much higher compared to nonrelatives in the general population [4]. In general, the genetic basis of HTN varies from monogenic to polygenic effects. While the former type is rare, and its clinical manifestations develop in earlier years of life, the polygenic effect accounts for more than 95% of HTN cases and is explained by a large number of variants with small effect sizes [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cardiac Cycle
- Vital Signs
- Circulatory System
- Heart
- Blood Vessel
- Mean Arterial Pressure
- Brachial Artery
- Mercury
- Pulse Pressure
- Respiratory Rate