The Stomach
E. George Elias in CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
A variety of tumors arise from different histologic tissues that constitute the wall of the stomach. These lesions can be silent and are found incidentally at surgery or autopsy or can become symptomatic and are diagnosed clinically. Of gastric tumors, 7% are benign, including mucosal polyps and intramural lesions. Screening for early detection is utilized to some extent in countries and regions that have a high incidence of the disease. The stomach can also be the site of other benign tumors, locally invasive or metastatic diseases. Surgical resection remains to be the only effective therapeutic modality in the management of adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Curative surgery for gastric carcinoma differs from that for benign conditions. The resection must include wide resection of the stomach with a wide portion of the normal adjacent tissues, the greater and lesser omentums, and the regional lymph nodes. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach has high local-regional recurrence rates as well as high incidence of distant metastases.
Casein Preparations
E. M. Boyd in Toxicity of Pure Foods, 2020
The suspensions of certified casein gradually coagulated on standing in vitro and in vivo in the stomach of the albino rats. The latter coagulation caused casein to remain in the stomach and the introduction of further suspensions produced death in 6 to 14 hr by nonspecific gastric rupture. The reaction of rats to oral administration of high protein casein was similar to that of vitamin-free test casein. Ability of the albino rats to withstand stomach rupture appeared to be due to ability of the stomach to expand and accommodate the large volumes of administered casein suspension. The clinical signs, presumably of casein intoxication, in these latter rats included inhibition of growth, anorexia, diuresis, proteinuria, aciduria, and listlessness. The acute oral LD 50 of casein protein in albino rats is probably of the order of 1,200 g/kg given over a period of several days.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Neena Washington, Clive Washington, Clive Wilson in Physiological Pharmaceutics, 2001
Organisation of the stomach The stomach can also be divided into three anatomical regions (Figure 5.1). The uppermost part is the fundus, which after a meal is often seen to contain gas. It also produces slow sustained contractions which exert a steady pressure on the gastric contents gradually pressing them in an aboral direction. The largest part of the stomach is the body which acts as a reservoir for ingested food and liquids. The antrum is the lowest part of the stomach. It is almost funnel-shaped, with its wide end joining the lower part of the body of the stomach and its narrow end connecting with the pyloric canal. The pyloric portion (the antrum plus the pyloric canal) of the stomach tends to curve to the right and slightly upward and backward and thus gives the stomach its J-shaped appearance.
Nonlethal Methods of Examining Fish Stomach Contents
Published in Reviews in Fisheries Science, 2001
Several nonlethal methods have been developed to determine the stomach contents of fish, including gastroscopes, tubes, stomach suction, stomach flushing, emetics, forceps, and chronic fistulas. By reviewing the literature on this subject, we found that the effectiveness (ability to remove all stomach contents) of the different methods depends on size, age, species of fish, and the size of the food items in the stomach. Overall, various methods of stomach flushing were the most effective method of recovering stomach items from a variety of fishes. Mechanized pressure appeared to be the most efficient method of stomach flushing for most large fishes. The use of syringes allowed stomach flushing to be performed on most young and small fishes. The use of tubes and stomach suctions, much simpler and less expensive methods than stomach flushing, were nearly as effective for some fishes such as black bass (Micropterus spp.) and salmonids.
Development of Stomach in Sturgeon
Published in Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2010
Z. Saadatfar, D. Shahsavani, S. Khoshnegah
Saadatfar, Z., Shahsavani, D. and Khoshnegah, S. 2010. Development of stomach in sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 153–156. Development of stomach in sturgeon (Acipenser percicus) was studied. At hatching stomach is presented by an endodermic yolk sac. Primitive stomach on 4dph and two glandular and nonglandular parts are observed on 7dph. With beginning of exogenous feeding and resorbtion of the yolk on week 2, the stomach presents more morphological changes as the J shape stomach with two muscular layers and secondary folds. On week 3 and 4 an enhancement of size and capacity occurred. Stomach histochemical studies show that mucosubstances secreted on week 1–3 are neutral and neutral or a few acid-rich (PAS/AB pH 2.5) on week 4–5.
Comparison of Pulsed Gastric Lavage and Acrylic Stomach Tubes for Sampling the Diet of Butterfly Peacock Bass
Published in Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2016
Nonlethal techniques for sampling the stomach contents of fishes have been developed for a variety of fish species. The goal of this study was to determine whether pulsed gastric lavage or acrylic stomach tubes were more effective for extracting stomach contents from Butterfly Peacock Bass Cichla ocellaris, specifically which was least injurious, retrieved the greatest percentage of stomach contents, and was least biased. Pulsed gastric lavage was less injurious than stomach tubes, with bruising of the stomach wall the most common injury being observed. The mean percent of stomach contents removed by pulsed gastric lavage (70.0%) was greater than the percent removed by stomach tubes (57.2%). Both gears were less successful at removing contents from larger fish and had difficulties retrieving contents from fuller stomachs. Pulsed gastric lavage is the recommended method for sampling stomach contents from Butterfly Peacock Bass, as it is both less injurious and more effective than stomach tubes. However, given the low average percent of diet recovered, pulsed gastric lavage may be more appropriate for studies that require only the presence or absence of a species in Butterfly Peacock Bass diets rather than for studies that require quantitative depictions of diet composition. Received December 19, 2015; accepted March 10, 2016 Published online June 24, 2016
Related Knowledge Centers
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