Introduction
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The stomach has four main regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus (Figure 1.2). The cardia surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. The rounded portion superior to and to the left of the cardia is the fundus. Inferior to the fundus is the large central portion of the stomach, called the body. The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is the pylorus; it has two parts—the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach, and the pyloric canal, which leads into the duodenum. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds, called rugae, that can be seen with the unaided eye. The pylorus communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via a sphincter called the pyloric sphincter. The concave medial border of the stomach is called the lesser curvature, and the convex lateral border is called the greater curvature.
The stomach and gastric function
Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall in Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
Anatomically, the stomach can be divided into four sections (Figure 4.2): Cardia – The cardia surrounds the superior opening of the stomach and connects to the oesophagus. It contains an abundance of mucus-secreting glands that help protect the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the distal oesophagus.Fundus – The dome-shaped section of the stomach to the left of the abdominal oesophagus is the fundus.Body – Inferior (below) to the fundus is the largest region of the stomach, called the body, and it is here that the bulk of the gastric glands are found that secrete the enzymes and acids.Pylorus – The region that connects the stomach to the duodenum inferiorly at the gastro-duodenal junction is the pylorus. It has two major parts: the pyloric antrum that connects to the body of the stomach and the pyloric canal that joins the duodenum. The pathway of chyme from the pyloric canal to the duodenum is controlled by a thick band of circular muscle called the pyloric sphincter. Glands embedded in the mucosa of the pylorus secrete mucous and digestive hormones that regulate mechanical and chemical digestion.
Short Bowel Syndrome
John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson in Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
The stomach divides into two functionally different parts: the fundus, where solid food is held while it is being broken down by gastric secretions, and the antrum, which acts as a grinding unit that allows only food particles of <2 mm to pass through the pylorus. During fasting, the interdigestive MMC occurs about every 90–120 minutes (range, 50–140) and lasts for 5–10 minutes in any one area and takes about 90 minutes to travel from the stomach to the ileum. The MMC is strongly propulsive and is responsible for clearing the last part of a meal and indigestible materials from the stomach and small intestine, thus serving a “housekeeper” function [30]. Loss of the MMC may occur in some gut dysmotility disorders and is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. After an extensive distal ileal resection, the MMC cycle was found to be shorter, but jejunal contraction frequency and amplitude were not changed [31].
Performance of computed tomography and its reliability for the diagnosis of transmural gastrointestional necrosis in a setting of acute ingestion of predominantly strong acid substances in adults
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Rathachai Kaewlai, Napakadol Noppakunsomboon, Sasima Tongsai, Bandana Tamrakar, Nutnaree Kumthong, Wanwarang Teerasamit, Napaporn Kongkaewpaisan, Arin Pisanuwongse, Ramida Amornsitthiwat, Worapat Maitriwong, Chanikarn Khanutwong, Piyaporn Apisarnthanarak
The CT examinations were reinterpreted to establish findings for the esophagus and stomach. Three esophagus segments were evaluated: cervical, upper thoracic, and lower thoracic (separated by C7-T1 disk space and tracheal carina, respectively). Two stomach segments were evaluated: proximal (cardia, fundus, and the proximal half of the gastric body) and distal (distal half of the body and antrum). The CT findings (Supplementary Appendix 2 and Figure 2) reinterpreted by the reviewers were the presence or absence of wall thickening, wall thinning, abnormal wall enhancement, absent wall enhancement, pneumatosis, pneumoperitoneum, fat stranding, and fluid surrounding the esophagus and stomach. “Wall thickening” was defined as ≥3 mm (collapsed esophagus), ≥5 mm (distended esophagus or stomach, except the antrum), or ≥12 mm (distended gastric antrum) [8,9]. Additionally, a standard electronic caliper was used in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems to obtain measurements of wall thickening and the fluid surrounding the esophagus or stomach. “Wall thinning” was defined as thin or barely perceptible walls in lung windows. “Abnormal wall enhancement” was defined as a target appearance (mucosal and serosal enhancement), mucosal-only enhancement, or serosal-only enhancement. “Absent wall enhancement” was defined as the absence of enhancement of thickened walls in the postcontrast phase compared with the unenhanced phase.
Long term outcomes of sporadic large fundic gland polyps: a single-center experience
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Abdul Mohammed, Rajat Garg, Sushrut Trakroo, Amandeep Singh, Madhusudhan R. Sanaka
We observed large sporadic FGPs predominantly in women (75.8%) between 50 and 70 years of age, consistent with existing literature [8]. The average BMI of our patient population was 31.6, indicating obesity can be a potential risk factor in the development of large FGPs. Reflux (61.1%) was the most common symptom, followed by abdominal pain and dysphagia. Sporadic FGPs are generally benign without any characteristic symptomatology. There is no direct correlation between reflux symptoms and FGPs. Its relation to PPI use likely explains the high prevalence of reflux-like symptoms. Sporadic FGPs may be single or multiple, usually fewer than ten but occasionally more than 50. They are usually found in the fundus or body of the stomach. The size of the polyp does not appear to influence its location. We observed multiple large polyps predominantly in the body and fundus of the stomach as well. The number of polyps did not affect patient outcomes. Hence, in the absence of dysplasia, the presence of multiple large polyps on endoscopy is not a cause for concern and should not prompt any further evaluation. Further, large polyps were also not associated with any active bleeding or bleeding stigmata. This finding is significant when evaluating patients for sources of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Bleeding should not be attributed to the presence of large FGPs, and other sources of bleeding must be considered.
Nutritional Indexes as Predictors of Survival and Their Genomic Implications in Gastric Cancer Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Yesennia Sánchez, Felipe Vaca-Paniagua, Luis Herrera, Luis Oñate, Roberto Herrera-Goepfert, Guiselle Navarro-Martínez, Dennis Cerrato, Clara Díaz-Velázquez, Ericka Marel Quezada, Claudia García-Cuellar, Diddier Prada
A total of 940 GC patients treated from 2005 to 2018 were included in this study. They had a mean age of 55.42 years (standard deviation [SD]: 13.92 years) at diagnosis. Most patients were male (57.56%) and had a very low socioeconomic status (49.89%). Most patients were also diagnosed in advanced stages (III and IV, 84.78%). The fundus and body of the stomach (33.82%) were the most affected areas, and adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histologic type (87.02%). Most subsets were positive for signet-ring cell formation (54.25%). Regarding the nutritional status, most patients were normal weight, based on the WHO classification (52.02% with BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2) and had a mean PNI of 33.14 (SD: 0.83) at diagnosis; many of them had values higher than 34 (47.76%) (Table 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chyme
- Digestive Enzyme
- Gastric Acid
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Pylorus
- Digestion
- Esophagus
- Small Intestine
- Phases of Digestion
- Chewing