Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
The stomach walls are lined by a thick layer of mucus that prevents the stomach from digesting itself by the hydrochloric acid. When mucus is limited, an ulcer (erosion of tissue) may form. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. They affect as many as 5%–10% of people in Western societies, cause pain and indigestion, and can be transiently alleviated by antacid medications. The two main causes for gastric ulcers are long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen and an infection with a specific bacterium, Helicobacter pylori [33]. H. pylori infection is a key factor in the etiology of various GI diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms, to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of a complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium’s ability to colonize and act upon a specific gastric niche [34].
Ulcers—Peptic/Gastroduodenal
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
If stomach acid burns through the protective mucus layer in the stomach, this causes the erosions or sores in the lining of the stomach and upper small intestine known as peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers include gastric and duodenal ulcers. Peptic ulcers can be present even if there are no symptoms or if symptoms are mild, but can cause significant problems if left untreated. A dull, biting, gnawing, or burning pain in the upper abdomen is the most common symptom of a peptic ulcer. Additional symptoms may be bloating, gas, indigestion, and nausea. Abdominal pain is often worse at night or in between meals when the stomach is empty. The pain can often be briefly ameliorated by eating or taking antacids. Peptic ulcers can lead to internal bleeding. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, excess stomach acid, and long-term use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, e.g., Motrin, Advil, Aleve, etc.). The goals of therapy are to: (1) resolve symptoms; (2) reduce acid secretion; (3) promote epithelial healing; (4) prevent ulcer-related complications; and (5) prevent ulcer recurrence.
The digestive system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
The term peptic ulcer refers to erosion of the mucosa lining of any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. If the ulcer occurs in the stomach lining, it is specifically referred to as a gastric ulcer. In the United States, most ulcers occur in the duodenum and in elderly patients. Causes of peptic ulcer disease include: Infection with the bacteria H. pylori, which occurs in 80%–95% of patients with peptic ulcer disease. The mechanism by which H. pylori infection leads to peptic ulcers is shown in the figure below.Injury or death of mucus-producing cells.Excess acid production in the stomach. The hormone gastrin stimulates the production of acid in the stomach; therefore, any factors that increase gastrin production will in turn increase the production of stomach acid. See box on Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.Chronic use of aspirin and NSAIDs. Prostaglandins produced in the gut have a protective effect in that they increase mucus and bicarbonate production and increase blood flow to the gastric mucosa. Both aspirin and NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins in the gut. Aspirin and NSAIDs are also chemically corrosive to the gastric mucosa.
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Ameliorates Acetic Acid-induced Rat Gastric Ulcer
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Debapriya Garabadu, Sonia Singh, Tancha Gautam
Gastric ulcer is considered as one of the prevailing global health hazard. The prevalence of this epidemic is higher in aged and lower socio-economic class of individuals. The diagnostic reports suggest a mucosal lesion at stomach in peptic ulcer (Nesello et al. 2017). The pathophysiological reports indicate an imbalance between offensive (bile, pepsin, acid, Helicobacter pylori, alcohol, stress and permanent uses of NSAIDS drugs (Satyanarayana 2006; Safavi et al. 2016) and defensive (bicarbonate, blood flow, prostaglandins, cell proliferation, and sulphahydryl compounds) factors during gastric ulcer (Batista et al. 2015). Further studies revealed that in the genesis of gastric ulcer involve several predisposing factors such as stress, smoking and improper diet (Vimala and Gricilda 2014). The pharmacotherapy of gastric ulcer includes drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, anti-cholinergics, antacid and H2 receptor antagonists (Thomson and Mahachai 1987). However, their uses are limited because of unwanted side effects such as cardiac arrest and hepatic dysfunction (Thomson and Mahachai 1987; Sanders 1996). Hence, alternative and complementary medicines need to be developed in the management of gastric ulcer. Traditionally, there are several plants used in the management of gastric ulcer and phyto-constituents have been reported as beneficial candidate in the attenuation of gastric ulcer in both clinical and preclinical studies with lesser side effects. Therefore, a novel herbal medicine could be a better therapeutic option in the management of gastric ulcer.
Clinical features and natural history of idiopathic peptic ulcers: a retrospective case–control study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019
Maria Pina Dore, Sara Soro, Caterina Niolu, Nunzio Pio Longo, Stefano Bibbò, Alessandra Manca, Giovanni Mario Pes
The presence of peptic ulcer was based on macroscopic examination of the gastric and duodenal mucosa during the endoscopic procedure. In addition to the size, the specific site of the ulcer was also reported. Consistency of diagnosis was assured by the same attending gastroenterologist for the entire study period. For each patient, two biopsies from the antrum, one from the angulus, and one from the corpus of the stomach were taken. Additional biopsy samples were collected from the perilesional mucosa, according to the endoscopic appearance and operator judgment (for example, an ulcer suggesting malignancy) and/or from the duodenum. An expert gastrointestinal (GI) pathologist examined the gastric specimens during the study period. Gastritis was classified as active, chronic, or follicular based on inflammation features, as previously specified [12]. The presence of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, or atrophy was also recorded [12].
Gastroprotective activity of (E)-ethyl-12-cyclohexyl-4,5-dihydroxydodec-2-enoate, a compound isolated from Heliotropium indicum: role of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and sulfhydryls in its mechanism of action
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yaraset López-Lorenzo, María Elena Sánchez-Mendoza, Daniel Arrieta-Baez, Adriana Guadalupe Perez-Ruiz, Jesús Arrieta
As can be appreciated, it is necessary to seek alternative treatments for peptic ulcers. Medicinal plants are one of the principal sources of new compounds with therapeutic activity (Torres-Rodríguez et al. 2016). Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant that contains tannins, saponins, steroids, oils, and glycosides, and has been employed to clean and heal wounds, alleviate fever, relieve eye infections, and treat menstrual problems, nervous disorders, kidney disease, and ulcers (Adelaja et al. 2008; Nethaji et al. 2013). Since the key compounds responsible for the gastroprotection activity of the plant have not yet been identified, the aim of the current contribution was to isolate, through a bioassay-guided study, at least one such compound, evaluate it with ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice, and explore the possible participation of prostaglandins, NO, and sulfhydryl groups in its mechanism of action.
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