Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
The stomach walls are lined by a thick layer of mucus that prevents the stomach from digesting itself by the hydrochloric acid. When mucus is limited, an ulcer (erosion of tissue) may form. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. They affect as many as 5%–10% of people in Western societies, cause pain and indigestion, and can be transiently alleviated by antacid medications. The two main causes for gastric ulcers are long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen and an infection with a specific bacterium, Helicobacter pylori [33]. H. pylori infection is a key factor in the etiology of various GI diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms, to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of a complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium’s ability to colonize and act upon a specific gastric niche [34].
Ulcers—Peptic/Gastroduodenal
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
If stomach acid burns through the protective mucus layer in the stomach, this causes the erosions or sores in the lining of the stomach and upper small intestine known as peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers include gastric and duodenal ulcers. Peptic ulcers can be present even if there are no symptoms or if symptoms are mild, but can cause significant problems if left untreated. A dull, biting, gnawing, or burning pain in the upper abdomen is the most common symptom of a peptic ulcer. Additional symptoms may be bloating, gas, indigestion, and nausea. Abdominal pain is often worse at night or in between meals when the stomach is empty. The pain can often be briefly ameliorated by eating or taking antacids. Peptic ulcers can lead to internal bleeding. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, excess stomach acid, and long-term use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, e.g., Motrin, Advil, Aleve, etc.). The goals of therapy are to: (1) resolve symptoms; (2) reduce acid secretion; (3) promote epithelial healing; (4) prevent ulcer-related complications; and (5) prevent ulcer recurrence.
The Twentieth Century
Arturo Castiglioni in A History of Medicine, 2019
The concept of peptic ulcer has undergone considerable modification as to incidence, pathogenesis, and therapy. The present century is marked by the recognition of the greater frequency of duodenal ulcer, as popularized by the surgeon Berkeley, Lord moynihan (1910), far outranking gastric ulcer in numerical importance. The psychological concepts of Sir Arthur Frederick hurst (1879–1944) contributed much to the understanding of the course and nature of peptic ulcer. B. W. sippy’s treatment of ulcer (1915) has become widely established; Einar meulengracht, of Copenhagen, introduced the clinical concept of liberal feeding of bleeding ulcers. The surgical treatment of peptic ulcer has also made noteworthy advances. Gastroenterostomy as a curative operation is discredited; subtotal gastrectomy, devised by H. von haberer (b. 1875) and popularized by H. finsterer (b. 1877) and Jeno polya (b. 1876), and in America by A. A. berg (b. 1872), marks a new era in the surgery of peptic ulcer. The relative merit of medical and surgical treatment is no longer a controversial subject, though many other aspects of the problem of peptic ulcer are still unsolved.
Soluplus® based solid dispersion as fast disintegrating tablets: a combined experimental approach for enhancing the dissolution and antiulcer efficacy of famotidine
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Mona Basha, Abeer Salama, Shereen H. Noshi
Peptic ulcer is a serious medical issue and a very common disease worldwide today, defined as pathological lesions found in gastrointestinal tract most frequently on the inside of the mucosal lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) and the duodenum (duodenal ulcer) [15]. Unlikely, ulcers represent one of the most prevalent diseases of common occurrence in the elderly patients or geriatrics [16]. The attenuation of the gastric and duodenal mucosal barrier taking place naturally with aging in addition to the excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) might explain the increasing incidence of peptic ulcer [17]. Moreover, the repeated infection with Helicobacter pylori and the multidrug therapy for the other accompanying diseases such as diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and chronic renal insufficiency represent risk factors for peptic ulcer and which might lead to more complications as bleeding or even perforation [18]. Hence, geriatrics are in deep need to effective oral drug delivery systems with minimal risk of dosing error, having rapid disintegration rate, fast drug release, thus enhanced absorption, and improved bioavailability.
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Ameliorates Acetic Acid-induced Rat Gastric Ulcer
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Debapriya Garabadu, Sonia Singh, Tancha Gautam
Gastric ulcer is considered as one of the prevailing global health hazard. The prevalence of this epidemic is higher in aged and lower socio-economic class of individuals. The diagnostic reports suggest a mucosal lesion at stomach in peptic ulcer (Nesello et al. 2017). The pathophysiological reports indicate an imbalance between offensive (bile, pepsin, acid, Helicobacter pylori, alcohol, stress and permanent uses of NSAIDS drugs (Satyanarayana 2006; Safavi et al. 2016) and defensive (bicarbonate, blood flow, prostaglandins, cell proliferation, and sulphahydryl compounds) factors during gastric ulcer (Batista et al. 2015). Further studies revealed that in the genesis of gastric ulcer involve several predisposing factors such as stress, smoking and improper diet (Vimala and Gricilda 2014). The pharmacotherapy of gastric ulcer includes drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, anti-cholinergics, antacid and H2 receptor antagonists (Thomson and Mahachai 1987). However, their uses are limited because of unwanted side effects such as cardiac arrest and hepatic dysfunction (Thomson and Mahachai 1987; Sanders 1996). Hence, alternative and complementary medicines need to be developed in the management of gastric ulcer. Traditionally, there are several plants used in the management of gastric ulcer and phyto-constituents have been reported as beneficial candidate in the attenuation of gastric ulcer in both clinical and preclinical studies with lesser side effects. Therefore, a novel herbal medicine could be a better therapeutic option in the management of gastric ulcer.
Clinical features and natural history of idiopathic peptic ulcers: a retrospective case–control study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019
Maria Pina Dore, Sara Soro, Caterina Niolu, Nunzio Pio Longo, Stefano Bibbò, Alessandra Manca, Giovanni Mario Pes
The presence of peptic ulcer was based on macroscopic examination of the gastric and duodenal mucosa during the endoscopic procedure. In addition to the size, the specific site of the ulcer was also reported. Consistency of diagnosis was assured by the same attending gastroenterologist for the entire study period. For each patient, two biopsies from the antrum, one from the angulus, and one from the corpus of the stomach were taken. Additional biopsy samples were collected from the perilesional mucosa, according to the endoscopic appearance and operator judgment (for example, an ulcer suggesting malignancy) and/or from the duodenum. An expert gastrointestinal (GI) pathologist examined the gastric specimens during the study period. Gastritis was classified as active, chronic, or follicular based on inflammation features, as previously specified [12]. The presence of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, or atrophy was also recorded [12].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anorexia
- Epigastrium
- Gastric Mucosa
- Gastric Outlet Obstruction
- Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Indigestion
- Esophagus
- Small Intestine
- Burping
- Gastrointestinal Perforation