Liver Diseases
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia in Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
Sometimes in the newborn, the jaundice is severe and persistent. At serum concentrations exceeding 20 to 30 mg/dl of bilirubin damage may develop in the brain. Thus, excessive unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia causes a special encephalopathy, called kernicterus, involving the deposit of pigment in the nucleus of the brain with subsequent damage to the nerve cells.103,116 The clinical signs vary from mild lethargy and spasticity to loss of reflexes and respiratory irregularity leading frequently to death. In the acute stage, many parts of the brain contain unconjugated bilirubin, namely the basal ganglia, the nuclei of hypothalamus, thalamus, dentate, hippocampus, and part of cerebellum. The survivors show spastic paralysis, deafness, and mental retardation.
Erythromycin
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Hepatotoxicity is a rare but serious adverse effect of erythromycin. Initially, this was thought to occur after administration of erythromycin estolate, but not after administration of other erythromycin preparations (Masel, 1962; Sherlock, 1968). It was postulated that the propionyl ester linkage at the 2′ position conferred this property on the estolate and that there was no cross-sensitivity with other erythromycin preparations (Tolman et al., 1974). Jaundice usually occurs about 10–12 days after starting treatment, but it may occur within 1 or 2 days in patients who had previously experienced the drug (Robinson, 1961; Gilbert, 1962). Some patients may experience severe abdominal pain, which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cholelithiasis (Oliver et al., 1973). Nausea and abdominal pain are initial symptoms, followed by fever (50%). Approximately 75% of patients develop eosinophilia (> 500 cells/mm3) and uniformly elevated transaminase levels. Liver function tests revert to normal within days after discontinuation of the drug but may recur after rechallenge (Eichenwald, 1986). Occasionally, pruritus and a rash may recur. Jaundice may be clinical or subclinical, and hepatic enlargement is usually present. Liver function tests usually indicate cholestasis, and the mechanism of this toxicity may represent either a hypersensitivity or toxic reaction resulting from the formation of nitrosoalkanes (Pessayre et al., 1985). Liver histology usually reveals a picture of intrahepatic cholestasis.
Antibiotics Commonly Used for Skin Infections
Sarah H. Wakelin, Howard I. Maibach, Clive B. Archer in Handbook of Systemic Drug Treatment in Dermatology, 2015
Other adverse effects include the following: Jaundice and hepatitis.Taste disturbance, oesophagitis, oesophageal ulceration.Hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, anaphylactoid reactions.Dermatological: generalized mild–moderate morbilliform-like skin rashes are the most frequently reported rashes. Rare cases of erythema multiforme, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, pruritus, vaginitis, exfoliative or vesiculobullous dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported.Induration, pain and abscess formation after i/m injection; thrombophlebitis after i/v injection.Haematological adverse effects include eosinophilia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.
Heating of metallic biliary stents during magnetic hyperthermia of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: an in silico study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Oriano Bottauscio, Irene Rubia-Rodríguez, Alessandro Arduino, Luca Zilberti, Mario Chiampi, Daniel Ortega
The bile duct is a tube that connects the gallbladder and the duodenum in the small intestine to transport there the bile, where it performs essential tasks for food digestion [11]. This tube is part of the biliary tree, which starts in the liver. The part of this tree that comes out from the gallbladder is called cystic duct which is joined along with the common hepatic duct into the common bile duct. This goes through the pancreas and joins with the pancreatic duct, ending up in the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. It is very common to see that the tumor blocks this path in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients, avoiding the bile to reach the small intestine [12]. This is clinically shown as jaundice (yellow colored skin) due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, which is a component of the bile.
The use of buprenorphine + naloxone sublingual tablet in the treatment of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome: Two case reports
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2021
Ersin Ulu, Ali Kandeğer, Rüya Meriç
Last decade, more evidence from the literature supports the usage of oral buprenorphine for NOWS.5 Although we used high-dose phenobarbital, the only oral treatment option available in our unit, the seizures could not be controlled in both cases. Administration of buprenorphine/naloxone sublingually to control the withdrawal-related seizures had never been used before in newborns not even in children. This treatment could have serious risks but persistent seizures in newborns have significant adverse consequences as well. The infants were followed closely for possible side effects of the combined drug. There was no abnormal findings and blood tests were repeated at least once a week. In both babies, complete blood count and serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, urea, and creatinine tests were normal and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was negative, during the treatment and in post-discharge control. Jaundice, which usually resolves spontaneously without treatment, is a common condition in newborn babies. But babies with NOWS have a slightly higher risk of jaundice. In addition, the use of preparations containing buprenorphine, which is metabolized in the liver, further increases the risk of jaundice.8 In this respect, we closely monitored these babies for the development of jaundice and tested the bilirubin more frequently. There was no jaundice that required treatment in both babies.
The potential of plant-made vaccines to fight picornavirus
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
The Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an atypical member of the Picornaviridae family classified taxonomically within a unique picornaviral genus: Hepatovirus, which comprises a single serotype of human HAV and other closely related mammalian viruses [39]. Infection by HAV is typically acquired by ingestion and the virus replicates within hepatocytes, the epithelial cells lining the crypts of the small intestine have been suggested as primary replication sites. Approximately 1.5 million people are infected annually with HAV and the incidence is related to socio-economic conditions such as density of housing, sanitation, and quality of water. The disease is characterized by jaundice and leads to acute liver failure. Prevention of Hepatitis A can be achieved by vaccination and adequate sanitation. Nowadays two types of HAV vaccines are used, which are based on formaldehyde-killed or attenuated HAV. Most countries have opted for the use of killed vaccines for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis; considering their superior immunogenicity and the low risk of reversion to virulence [40,41].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biliary Tract
- Heme
- Heme Oxygenase
- Liver Disease
- Sclera
- Bilirubin
- Skin
- Feces
- Skin
- Neonatal Jaundice
- Cholestatic Pruritus
- Feces