Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Canines
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The stomach has numerous glands, termed generally gastric glands. These glands have necks, bodies, are branched and tubular in form and extend all the way to the lamina muscularis mucosae. There are three types of glands in the dog, cardiac glands, pyloric glands, and gastric glands proper. It should be noted that the gross divisions of the stomach do not match exactly the populations of glands of the same or similar namesake. While cardiac glands are typically found in a narrow area encircling the cardia, they can also be found to occur along the lesser curvature. Pyloric glands inhabit the pyloric part of the stomach. Approximately two-thirds of the gastric mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach is occupied by gastric glands proper or fundic glands. However, between the gastric glands proper and pyloric glands lies a zone of intermediate glands. This intermediate zone is approximately 2–3 cm in width as observed on an incised, opened, and laid-flat stomach. These glands differ from each other by the types of cells that they contain and hence the secretions that they produce. There are no strict lines of anatomic or histological demarcation separating the different types of glands found primarily in one area from those found in an adjacent area. Actually, the intermediate gland zone mentioned earlier is probably just typical of the merging of two different glandular populations.
The stomach and gastric function
Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall in Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
Anatomically, the stomach can be divided into four sections (Figure 4.2): Cardia – The cardia surrounds the superior opening of the stomach and connects to the oesophagus. It contains an abundance of mucus-secreting glands that help protect the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the distal oesophagus.Fundus – The dome-shaped section of the stomach to the left of the abdominal oesophagus is the fundus.Body – Inferior (below) to the fundus is the largest region of the stomach, called the body, and it is here that the bulk of the gastric glands are found that secrete the enzymes and acids.Pylorus – The region that connects the stomach to the duodenum inferiorly at the gastro-duodenal junction is the pylorus. It has two major parts: the pyloric antrum that connects to the body of the stomach and the pyloric canal that joins the duodenum. The pathway of chyme from the pyloric canal to the duodenum is controlled by a thick band of circular muscle called the pyloric sphincter. Glands embedded in the mucosa of the pylorus secrete mucous and digestive hormones that regulate mechanical and chemical digestion.
Alimentary Tract
George W. Casarett in Radiation Histopathology, 2019
Three different regions of the stomach are differentiated on the basis of differences in the glands they contain: The first or cardiac zone at the esophageal end of the stomach contains the cardiac glands, which are compound tubular glands similar to the cardiac glands in the lamina propria of the esophagus and containing a single layer of clear mucus-secreting cells;The third or pyloric zone at the distal, intestinal end of the stomach contains the pyloric glands, which are simple, branched, coiled tubular glands containing mainly cells similar to the principal cells in the cardiac glands;The middle or second zone of the stomach comprises the fundus or body, the largest part of the stomach, which contains the fundic glands or gastric glands proper (Figure 1C).
Oil-entrapped ranitidine HCl beads heal peptic ulcers via local and systemic mechanisms
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Sayed Ismail, Mona El-Mahdy, Noura Hassan Abd Ellah, Dina Adel Abdelmalek
Rabbits of Group 2 that received indomethacin only without receiving any treatment showed several ulcerations of the mucosa (Figure 8(A)). The ulcers were deep and reached up to the basement membrane (Figure 8(B)). The average widths of the ulcers were 215.1 + 28.83 µm, 96.67 ± 14.21 µm (Figure 8(B,C)). Indomethacin has a higher ulcerogenic potential than other NSAIDs due to unclear mechanism. Indomethacin induces gastric damage through inhibition of the release of protective factors such as COX-1, prostaglandin E2, mucus, and bicarbonate; increasing acid and oxidant parameters while decreasing antioxidant parameters [36]. Moreover, severe necrosis of the mucosa and gastric pits were observed (Figure 8(D)). The gastric glands (parietal cells) had also necrosis (Figure 8(E)).
Gastro-protective effect of Artemisia Sieberi essential oil against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats as revealed via biochemical, histopathological and metabolomics analysis
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Naglaa M. Ammar, Heba A. Hassan, Rania F. Ahmed, Abd El-Nasser G. El-Gendy, Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad, Abdel Razik H. Farrag, Mohamed A. Farag, Abdelsamed I. Elshamy, Sherif M. Afifi
Histological examination of the stomach from rats of the control group showed the normal structure of the mucosal layer, with an intact epithelial layer (Figure 1(A)). In contrast, histopathological investigation of sections from ulcer group showed sloughed off a superficial layer, inflammatory cells infiltration. Necrosis of gastric glands can be observed. Moderate erosion of the superficial epithelium with denuded epithelial cells, mild haemorrhages in lamina propria, very few inflammatory cells were detected (Figure 1(B)). Pre-treatment with omeprazole showed the mucosal layer appeared nearly to normal structure (Figure 1(C)). On the other hand, ulcer group pre-treated with 100 mg/kg of AS-EO showed an improvement of superficial epithelium structure. Mild haemorrhages in lamina propria, very few inflammatory cells were detected (Figure 1(D)). In some cases of the stomach from ulcer group pre-treated with 100 mg/kg of AS-EO, the microscopic investigation indicated mild erosion of the mucosal layer that associated with mild haemorrhages (Figure 1(E)). Pre-treatment ulcer group with 200 mg/kg of AS-EO exhibited mild erosion in the mucosal layer (Figure 1(F)). Moreover, ulcer group pre-treated with 200 mg/kg of AS-EO showed that the superficial epithelium layer was restored more or less to control one (Figure 1(G)).
Clinical significance of endoscopic findings in the upper gastrointestinal tract in Crohn’s disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019
Krzysztof Dąbkowski, Katarzyna Graca-Pakulska, Iwona Zawada, Jerzy Ostrowski, Teresa Starzyńska
The cornerstone study and novel observations that changed the perception of the problem came from Japan with the study by Yokota et al. published in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in 1997 [12]. The authors described a new endoscopic abnormality in the stomach of CD patients, a “bamboo joint-like appearance” (BJA), present in more than half of the examined individuals [12]. These endoscopic findings were described as “swollen longitudinal folds transversed by erosive fissures or linear furrows” [20]. In contrast to previous observations, the lesions had a predilection to the proximal stomach, including the lesser curvature of the body and cardia [12]. Typical histopathological findings in BJA biopsies were hyperplastic fundic glands with no atrophy or metaplasia, lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria, the presence of stromal edema, and lymphoid follicles, with granulomas present in 45% of the patients [12]. It is noteworthy that 50 histological sections (two biopsies from every abnormality) were made to detect granulomas in that study. Yokota et al. also showed that the BJA was present irrespective of the patient’s sex, age, location of the disease, and medications taken [12]. Authors underlined that the BJA can be observed using a white light endoscopy, but was better visualized using a side-viewing scope, air reduction, or chromoendoscopy [12,20]. Furthermore, they concluded that the BJA may be associated almost exclusively with CD and should be considered an endoscopic biomarker of CD [12].
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