The Future of Parasitology
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
For instance, a recent study using a powerful combination of methods has identified a new means of immune evasion in schistosomes, one involving a specialized gland called the esophageal gland (Figure 10.14), the cells of which normally release their secretions into the esophagus of juvenile and adult schistosomes in their definitive vertebrate hosts. It was shown that worms in which esophageal gland development was prevented were able to survive in mice lacking an adaptive immune response but were killed in mice with functioning B cells and antibody production. By learning of this novel immune evasive strategy, new avenues are opened up for the development of novel vaccine targets.
Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Canines
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The following lesions can be noted in the esophagus. Dilatation of the esophagus itself. Mild dilatation of the esophageal gland ducts. Hypertrophy or inflammation of the esophageal walls, arising as a result of mechanical irritation or reflux esophagitis.
Schistosome proteomics: updates and clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
William Castro-Borges, R Alan Wilson
Exploitation of several complementary techniques has allowed definition of the complex tegument surface, comprising a plasma membrane overlain by a secreted membranocalyx, but the molecular model of the surface architecture must remain tentative. Analysis of vomitus from worms in short-term culture has enabled the secretions of the gastrodermis to be defined, and most recently also some esophageal gland proteins. However, the epithelial surface of the gastrodermis remains unexplored due to its inaccessibility. Analysis of the secretions of migrating schistosomulum larvae during in-vitro culture has provided a glimpse of what the head gland and nascent alimentary tract may produce during intravascular transit to the portal system. The secretions used by the cercaria to access host skin are better characterized, as are those of live eggs used to exit host tissues to the exterior. However, in both cases the known proteins may represent only the major constituents.
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