Introduction to exposure pathways *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Research has shown how pathogens and chemicals move through soils and provides information on their quantity at source and in vulnerable ‘receptors’ such as rivers, reservoirs and shallow wells (see, for example, Pond et al., 2004). Understanding this has proved to be imperative in protecting drinking-water sources. A well-known case is that of arsenic in Bangladesh. The main source of arsenic in drinking water is arsenic-rich rocks through which the water has filtered. It may also occur because of mining or industrial activity in some areas. Historically, surface water sources in Bangladesh have been contaminated with human and animal excreta and the associated pathogens, causing a significant burden of disease and mortality. In this particular tragedy tube-wells were installed to provide ‘pure water’ to prevent morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal disease. However, the water from the millions of tube-wells that were installed was not tested for arsenic contamination, resulting in thousands of people being exposed to the chemical (Smith et al., 2000). This is further discussed in Chapter 68.
Global prevalence and international perspective of paediatric gastrointestinal disorders
Clarissa Martin, Terence Dovey, Angela Southall, Clarissa Martin in Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2019
Dietary habits have been studied as possible mechanisms for FGIDs in children. According to a recent retrospective study, 19% of children with cow’s milk protein allergy during infancy have developed abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases later on in life. IBS was reported to be the most common functional gastrointestinal disease within this group of allergy sufferers (Saps et al., 2011). Similarly, constipation has also been associated with cow’s milk protein allergy in children. Furthermore, several studies have reported improvement of symptoms of constipation with an elimination diet (Daher et al., 2001; Davis et al., 1986; Iacono et al., 1998). However, most of these retrospective studies are limited by a lack of appropriate independent allergy corroboration or diagnosis and significant recall bias. These limitations have reduced the applicability of the results in general terms and careful clinical appraisal and laboratory confirmation are needed before recommending a bovine milk-elimination diet for FGIDs in children.
Malignant Neoplasms of the Colon
Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs, Lee E. Smith, Scott Thorn Barrows, Carla Gunn, Gregory Blew, David Ehlert, Craig Kiefer, Kim Martens in Neoplasms of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus, 2007
Primary plasmacytoma involving the colon is an exceedingly rare lesion (1079,1080). Presenting symptoms are nonspecific for gastrointestinal disease and may include abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. The lesion may be single or multiple and consists of polypoid or nodular protrusions. In the presence of intestinal involvement, appropriate scans and bone marrow biopsy should be obtained to rule out bone and marrow involvement. Microscopically, the plasmacytoma lesion is composed of many plasma cells. In most cases treatment has consisted of resection of the involved colon. An 80% 10-year survival can be expected (1037). However, if the diagnosis can be made by colonoscopic biopsy, treatment options include chemotherapy and radiotherapy (1081).
Postprandial Lipid Response to High-Saturated and High-Monounsaturated Fat Meals in Normal-Weight or Overweight Women
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Lílian L. Lopes, Daniela Mayumi U. P. Rocha, Alessandra da Silva, Maria do Carmo G. Peluzio, Josefina Bressan, Helen Hermana M. Hermsdorff
The volunteers were recruited via local media and the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) webpage. The inclusion criteria for the selection of the participants in the study were as follows: women between 20 and 40 years; not pregnant, breastfeeding, or menopausal; nonalcoholic and nonsmokers; and having no inflammatory, hormonal, heart, respiratory, kidney. or liver disease, or gastrointestinal disease (acute or chronic) that may alter digestion and nutrient absorption. The health status was self-reported. In addition, they could not using any medication that affects metabolism or body composition; must have a total cholesterol value <240 mg/dl, triacylglycerol (TAG) <150 mg/dl, and fasting glucose <100 mg/dl (9); no nutritional treatment for weight loss and have maintained a stable weight for 3 months prior to the study; and not an athlete (according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short version [IPAQ]). On the test day, the volunteers could not be in the menstrual period (7 days before or 7 days after the end of the menstruation).
Quercetin promotes gastrointestinal motility and mucin secretion in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats through regulation of the mAChRs downstream signal
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Ji Eun Kim, Mi Rim Lee, Jin Ju Park, Jun Young Choi, Bo Ram Song, Hong Joo Son, Young Whan Choi, Kyung Mi Kim, Jin Tae Hong, Dae Youn Hwang
Constipation is well known as an acute or chronic gastrointestinal disease characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard and dry faeces, incomplete bowel evacuation and difficulty during defecation (Walia et al. 2009). Until now, several drugs were developed to treat this disease. In most cases, chemical drugs (laxatives) including Senna™, Correctol®, Exlax®, Senokot™ and Gaviscon® act as stimulants to increase bulkiness and soften stool or as osmotic agents, trigger bowel movements and enhance water flow into the colon to promote elimination (Voderholzer et al. 1997). But, most of above drugs showed some undesirable side effects, such as myocardial infarction, artery contraction and coronary spasms (Lembo and Camilleri 2003; Busti et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2013). Therefore, many studies have focused on identifying novel laxatives with no side effects to treat constipation patients. As part of above studies, we investigated the laxative effect and action mechanism of QCT in Lop-induced constipation model. The results of the present study first demonstrated that QCT can improve the symptoms of constipation through the elevation of stool excretion, and the recovery of histological changes of the transverse colon in Lop-induced constipation model. Especially, our data show the laxative effects of QCT are tightly correlated with the interaction between QCT and mAChR M2/3 signalling pathway.
Identification of irritable bowel syndrome in the Swedish National Patient Register: a validation study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Navkiran T. Tornkvist, Ann-Sofie Backman, Marie Linder, Maria Altman, Magnus Simrén, Ola Olén, Hans Törnblom
Incorrect IBS diagnosis: all other patients, further categorized based on the information in the medical record as follows.Not IBS. The medical record described another gastrointestinal disease.One core symptom for IBS missing (abdominal pain/discomfort or altered bowel habits).Too short duration of symptoms.One core symptom missing together with too short symptom duration (2 + 3).Limited information in the medical record, e.g., only endoscopy notes without documentation of symptoms or medical history available.