Nutrition and the Immune System
David Heber, Zhaoping Li in Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
A Verrucomicrobia species (Akkermansia muciniphila) was 33- and 47-fold higher in stool samples of UA producers than in those of nonproducers at baseline and after 4 weeks, respectively. This bacterium also occurs in the small intestine, where it breaks down mucin and stimulates more mucin production from goblet cells to protect small intestinal epithelia. In UA producers, the genera Butyrivibrio, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Serratia, and Veillonella were increased and Collinsella decreased significantly at week 4 compared with baseline. Pomegranate extract consumption may induce health benefits secondary to changes in the microbiota, which amplify the production of urolithins.
Mechanism and Role of Probiotics in Suppressing Bowel Cancer
Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak in Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Another mechanism whereby probiotics influence bowel cancer risk is the microbial, that is, bacterial alteration of food components in lumen of intestine and production of cancer-preventive agents. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) as well as gas is generated by bacterial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. Fecal material eliminates the formed gas, while SCFA, primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, correspond to intestinal mucosal nutrients and growth signals by reducing the concentration of secondary bile salts [50]. Convincing study shows that butyrate improves cellular differentiation and diminishes proliferation in bowel cancer cell lines. A specific strain (MDT-1) of the ruminal bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens creates elevated quantity of butyrate and has been evaluated for use as a probiotic to prevent bowel cancer [51] in a mouse model. The result shows that administration of MDT-1 reduces the amount of ACF and the percentage of mice with enlarged ACF fraction. Nonetheless, synbiotics are more active in escalating the production of SCFA probiotics alone, and therefore protection against bowel cancer onset. Furthermore, probiotics also produce collection of fatty acids known as conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), which can be considered as set of isomers of linoleic acid, which exerts abundant health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects besides SCFA [52]. In rodent studies, reduction in the incidence of colonic tumors has been observed by CLA. All these studies support the notion that fermentation of indigestible food by supplemental probiotics can be a strategy for preventing bowel cancer; however, advanced investigations are required.
Clindamycin and Lincomycin
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Clindamycin is very active against other Gram-negative anaerobes such as Prevotella disiens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., and Porphyromonas spp. (Eick et al., 1999; Leigh, 1981; Sutter, 1977; Sutter and Finegold, 1976). In addition, the Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli belonging to genera such as Butyrivibrio, Succinimonas, Anaerovibrio, and others may be sensitive to clindamycin (Johnson and Finegold, 1987).
The dichotomous role of the gut microbiome in exacerbating and ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Urdhva Raval, Joyce M. Harary, Emma Zeng, Giulio M. Pasinetti
ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that involves neurons in the brain and spinal cord. ALS results in muscle weakness and stiffness. ALS eventually leads to difficulty in speech, swallowing, and breathing, ultimately resulting in death due to respiratory paralysis. The cause of Sporadic ALS, the most common type of ALS, remains elusive. In animal models of ALS, leaky gut and disrupted blood brain barrier have been observed [16,89]. Though its etiology is unknown, ALS has been associated with reduced levels of anti-inflammatory bacteria in the gut. Specifically, butyrate producing bacteria, including Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Escherichia coli, as well as those of the genus, Oscillibacter, Anaerostipes, and Lachnospira were found to be reduced. Reduction of these butyrate producing bacteria has been linked to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine and serum. Additionally, the ratio of the phyla Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes is disrupted in ALS patients when compared to healthy individuals, providing further evidence of GM dysbiosis in ALS pathology [100,101]. GM derived products such as LPS have been found in the plasma of ALS patients and can cross the blood brain barrier to cause neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to ALS pathogenesis [94].
The rumen microbiome: a crucial consideration when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation efficiency
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Chloe Matthews, Fiona Crispie, Eva Lewis, Michael Reid, Paul W. O’Toole, Paul D. Cotter
The use of molecular techniques has become critical for the analysis of rumen microbiology. Such techniques can be used to determine the composition of the population present (using, for example, the conserved 16S rRNA gene to determine bacterial composition), predict their functionalities or enumerate targeted microbes within a complex ecosystem without the need for culturing.20 This is important, as it is estimated that only 20% of the rumen microbiota can be cultured using standard techniques.21 Since sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was first used to study rumen microbial ecosystems, extensive coverage of low abundance species has enabled the analysis of rare microbial communities. Sequencing also showed that Prevotella, Butyrivibrio and Ruminococcus were the most dominant bacteria in the rumen, and that community structure is affected by changes in the diet of the host.22 In particular, it has been shown that complexity in the diet favours increased microbial diversity.
Enrichment of sulphate-reducers and depletion of butyrate-producers may be hyperglycaemia signatures in the diabetic oral microbiome
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Camilla Pedrosa Vieira Lima, Daniela Corrêa Grisi, Maria Do Carmo Machado Guimarães, Loise Pedrosa Salles, Paula de Castro Kruly, Thuy Do, Luiz Gustavo Dos Anjos Borges, Naile Dame-Teixeira
Butyrivibrio (sp102) was differentially more abundant in no-T2D samples and also seemed to have a role as cluster connector within the T2D samples. In no-T2D, it was negatively linked to the Anaerovoracacea family XIII UCG-001 (sp468), while in T2D it comprised the same cluster of Prevotella (gold cluster) and positively associated with Atopobium (sp21) (red cluster), Novosphingobium (sp754) (dark red cluster), and Catonella (sp122) (gold cluster). Another differentially abundant bacterium Leptotrichia (sp20) was enriched in no-T2D, and in the network analysis was positively and directly associated with Stomatobaculum (sp38) in both groups. Differentially abundant bacteria in T2D, Tannerella (sp90), was positively associated with Johnsonella (sp55) and clustered with Selenomonas (sp52), Prevotellaceae YAB2003 group (sp49), Alloscardovia (sp136) and Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales W5053 (sp411) (blue cluster). Tannerella is known as an abundant component in periodontitis sites, and it may reflect its importance as a link in the network of T2D, where most individuals had stages 3/4 localised periodontitis.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaerobic Organism
- Bacteria
- Cell Wall
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- Flagellum
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Bacillus
- Butyric Acid
- Motility
- Gram-Negative Bacteria