Neonatal jaundice
Alison Edwards in Postnatal and Neonatal Midwifery Skills, 2020
Jaundice is the most common condition that may require medical attention in newborns: 60% term and 80% pre-term babies will develop jaundice. Jaundice is the result of the accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin which leads to yellow coloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Neonatal jaundice develops as a result of the breakdown of the excess fetal red blood cells, no longer required after birth, into haem and globin. At birth the liver is immature and intestinal function is decreased until feeding is established. The degree of jaundice can also be affected by gestational age and also by the degree of trauma suffered at birth. This chapter describes signs and symptoms of neonatal jaundice as well as assessment and management of neonatal jaundice. Phototherapy are commenced when blood serum levels of bilirubin are high.
Gallbladder Cancer with Obstructive Jaundice and Periportal Lymph Node
Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande in Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Patients with gallbladder cancer develop jaundice usually due to direct involvement of biliary ducts by the primary tumor or occasionally due to a pericholedochal or periportal lymph node mass externally compressing the biliary tract. Positron emission tomography Computed tomography has been found to have an accuracy of 95.9% for diagnosing the primary lesion, 85.7% for lymph node involvement, and 95.9% for metastatic disease in gallbladder cancers. False positivity remains a concern in early postoperative period in the case of incidental gallbladder cancers, inflammatory pathologies like Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and in patients with undrained obstructive jaundice with high bilirubin levels, cholecystitis or cholangitis. positron emission tomography scan would detect metastatic lesions more frequently in patients with large primary lesions with liver infiltration, periportal lymph nodes, obstructive jaundice, suspicious aortocaval nodal metastasis, or high carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels. Development of jaundice in patients with gallbladder cancer is considered an indicator of advanced disease and portends a poor prognosis.
Functions of the Kidneys and Functional Anatomy
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
The primary function of the kidneys is the regulation of fluid and electrolyte composition of the body. The kidneys have an integral role in the long-term regulation of body water and electrolyte composition, and therefore renal function is an important determinant of the long-term regulation of blood volume and arterial blood pressure. Urea (from protein metabolism), creatinine (from muscle), uric acid (from nucleic acids) and bilirubin (from haemoglobin) are all excreted from the body in the urine. Within each kidney, there are one-million nephrons. A protein-free filtrate of plasma is formed at the beginning of the nephron by the renal corpuscle, and the fluid then passes along the lumen, through the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule to the collecting ducts. The nephron is made up of a single layer of epithelial cells separated from the peritubular capillaries by a basement membrane.
Is serum bilirubin associated with the severity of Guillain–Barré syndrome?
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
Xiaohong Li, Wenchao Li, Xiang Shi, Lijun Mo, Yuzhen Luo, Liuqun Qin, Zheng Yang, Wuning Mo
Objective: Our aim was to assess the correlation between serum bilirubin levels and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). Patients and methods: One hundred and one newly diagnosed patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome and 111 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Guangxi, China) from June 2012 to May 2017 were included in this study. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of Guillain–Barré syndrome patients and healthy controls were retrospectively analysed. Results: Serum bilirubin levels in Guillain–Barré syndrome patients were significantly lower as compared with those in healthy controls (p < 0.001); besides, log C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly higher. We found that there was a negative correlation between GBS disability scale scores and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin (r = −0.541, P
Total serum bilirubinemia and intensity of sulfur mustard exposure in Iranian chemical victims 20 years after exposure
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2009
Mohammad Reza Jalali Nadoushan, Tooba Ghazanfari, Roya Yaraee, Mohammad Reza Vaez Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Soroush, Sakine Moaiedmohseni, Hassan Ghasemi, Jalaleddin Shams, Faramarz Fallahi, Sussan K. Ardestani, Basir Malekpour, Akbar Sha-Ali, Zuhair Mohammad Hassan, Soghrat Faghihzadeh
Sulfur mustard has various toxic effects. Some of the complications due to sulfur mustard toxicity are well known and some are unclear. In this study, serum total bilirubin and some hematologic parameters were evaluated in populations exposed to different doses of sulfur mustard. The sulfur mustard–exposed victims from Sardasht-Iran were divided into two groups 20 years after exposure, based on hospitalization at the time of the exposure. Studied groups were hospitalized and not hospitalized (n = 169 and n = 203, respectively). Liver function tests including total serum bilirubin, direct bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and hematologic parameters composed of RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC indexes were evaluated. Total counts for RBC, MCV and total serum bilirubin were significantly different between the two groups, but there was no statistically significant difference in direct bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCH, MCHC between the two groups.
Could carbon monoxide and bilirubin be friends as well as foes of the body?
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2010
Lars H. Breimer, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) production was first described 60 years ago. CO is a by-product of the metabolism of haeme to biliverdin. This, in turn, becomes bilirubin. During the past 15 years epidemiological studies and animal experiments have identified bilirubin as a molecule at the crossroads of the protection of the body against reactive oxygen species (ROS). The studies have focused on bilirubin as a biomarker of arterial disease. Recently the potential of CO as a therapeutic agent has been explored. This review assesses the current state of evidence and sets the data in the context of whether CO is an endogenous signalling molecule, a marker of vascular disease and, whether, together with bilirubin, CO could be a potential therapeutic agent.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biliverdin
- Heme
- Catabolism
- Bile
- Amphibians
- Tetrapyrroles
- Bile Pigments