-Glutamate(2-Oxoglutarate) Aminotransferases
Elling Kvamme in Glutamine and Glutamate in Mammals, 1988
At the outset a brief discussion of nomenclature is in order. The older term for the class of enzymes is “transaminases”. However, the term “aminotransferases” is preferred by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Hence, the latter term is used in the present review with the term transamination used for the actual process of amine transfer. (Some Russian workers employ the word aminopherase.) In the past, the freely reversible nature of most aminotransferases has often led to the use of several names for a given reaction. For example, the enzyme catalyzing the reversible transamination of glutamate with oxaloacetate has variously been referred to as glutamate-aspartate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and aspartate transaminase (aminotransferase). The practice has arisen in which those aminotransferases utilizing glutamate as one of a pair of possible amino acid substrates are given the name of the other amino acid substrate, and are listed as such in Chemical Abstracts. For example, aspartate-, alanine-, tyrosine-, branched-chain amino acid-, and GABA-aminotransferases each utilize glutamate as the alternative amino donor. This practice of naming aminotransferases for the nonglutamate amino acid of the amino acid substrate pair is followed throughout the review.
Influenza neurologic complications
Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger in Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
There is no single diagnostic laboratory test for RS. Arterial blood ammonia concentrations are usually at least threefold elevated [57,58]. Serum transaminases (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) are typically elevated 20-fold above normal. Prothrombin times are often prolonged but hemorrhages are rare [59]. The CSF may have a normal opening pressure early in the illness but soon becomes highly elevated [60]. The CSF is acellular and has normal glucose and protein levels. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is always abnormal, showing slowing of background activity, seizures, burst suppression activity, and electrocerebral silence in stage V [61]. Neuroimaging is often normal in the early stages but in later stages demonstrates diffuse cerebral edema and possibly brain herniation [62].
Niemann-Pick disease
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop in Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
We have seen Niemann-Pick patients with hepatosplenomegaly whose history was that the spleen was not palpable early. Transaminases aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) are elevated, at least at times [26]. The alkaline phosphatase is also usually elevated. The cholesterol may be elevated in addition. There may be prolonged neonatal jaundice, and episodes of unexplained jaundice later. We have seen patients who presented in early infancy with acute jaundice, abnormal liver function tests, and hepatomegaly, suggesting a diagnosis of acute hepatocellular disease rather than a lipid storage disease. We have also seen a patient in whom two liver biopsies had been done in another institution and interpreted as fatty metamorphosis. At least one patient with Niemann-Pick disease was thought, on biopsy, to have glycogenosis [27]. Jaundice is a common terminal finding and some patients have developed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. There may be lymphadenopathy.
Investigation of the Gastroprotective Effect of Betaine-Homocysteine Homeostasis on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Ethanol-Induced Ulcer Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Ayşe Çakır Gündoğdu, Fatih Kar, Cansu Özbayer
Blood samples (approximately 10 ml) collected into red-capped tubes without anticoagulant reagents were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes (MR 22, Jouan SA, France) and placed into 2 ml Eppendorf tubes for routine biochemical tests and ELISA assays. The Eppendorf tubes were stored at −80 °C for further analysis. The following tests were used to determine routine biochemical functions, respectively. Na+ and K+ levels were measured for electrolyte and membrane structure. To determine any kidney damage, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crea) levels were measured. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and ALT parameters were evaluated for the hepatocellular function of the animals. Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and Albumin (Alb) levels in serum were measured using Roche COBAS C501 auto-analyzer with manufacturer’s kit protocols (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).
Bilateral Multiple Retinal Detachments Associated with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Masquerading as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
The initial clinical impression was incomplete VKH disease3; however, considering the patient’s high fever and generalized symptoms, we performed additional systemic evaluation before administering systemic steroid pulse therapy. Lab test results revealed elevated levels of aspartate transaminase (81 IU/L) and alanine transaminase (31 IU/L). Moreover, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were remarkably high (2522 IU/L). Given that LDH levels are elevated in cases of myopathy and various malignancies,4 we performed abdominopelvic CT; it revealed a hepatic mass with multiple lymphadenopathy. Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of DLBCL. On positron emission tomography-CT, a hypermetabolic nodular thickening was observed in the posterior poles of both eyes; furthermore, other lesions were observed along with the hypermetabolic lesions invading multiple organs such as the lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow, bone, meninges, left maxillary sinus, and peritoneum. Accordingly, chemotherapy was initiated for DLBCL, which invades multiple organs with B symptoms. Post-chemotherapy, the patient’s visual symptoms rapidly improved. The BCVA recovered to 20/25 in both eyes and remained stable until the 3-year follow-up; furthermore, the subretinal fluid was completely resolved (Figure 2a,b).
Micafungin injection for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in pediatric patients under 4 months of age
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Nahed Abdel-Haq, Stephanie M. Smith, Basim I. Asmar
In a recent phase 2 study by Auriti et al., micafungin was given at a dose of 8 mg/kg daily to 35 infants with proven or suspected invasive candidiasis including 28 who were ≤4 months of age [77]. Of those, 21 (60%) had proven invasive candidiasis and 20 (57.1%) completed the study treatment (≥14 days). Mean micafungin plasma level was highest at 1 hour post dose and decreased over 8 hours. Micafungin levels obtained via venous samples were slightly higher than the heal stick capillary samples. The resolution of the infection was achieved in 86.7% of patients who completed a minimum of 14 days of micafungin therapy. Among those, mycological eradication was accomplished in 61.9% at the end of treatment and 90.5% at the end of the study. Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) were reported in 88.6% but none led to micafungin discontinuation or dose reduction. Five study patients died but no death was related to micafungin therapy. Micafungin at a dose of 8 mg/kg daily was effective and well tolerated in the study patients [77]. Transient elevations of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were observed in 20.0% of patients [77].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alanine Transaminase
- Pyridoxal Phosphate
- Transaminase
- Liver
- Heart
- Brain
- Skeletal Muscle
- Kidney
- Ast/Alt Ratio
- Biomarker