Dermatophytosis
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect in Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Similar to ketoconazole, itraconazole is associated with numerous medication interactions. Use of itraconazole is contraindicated in patients taking terfenadine, astemizole, diazepam, oral triazolam, oral midazolam, cisapride, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin). Numerous additional interactions exist [1,49]. Absorption is optimized with an acidic environment, so it should also be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after antacid use. Similarly, ingestion of a cola beverage can improve absorption in patients with achlorhydria. Absorption is also improved if taken with food [11]. Side effects of itraconazole include diarrhea, headache, rhinitis, dyspepsia, nausea, dry skin, rash, weakness, pruritus, dizziness, hypertension, and loss of libido. Hepatotoxicity has only rarely been reported [1,4,51].
Normal and Abnormal Intestinal Absorption by Humans
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is associated with atrophy of the gastric mucosa and pancreas and morphological changes in the intestine. Intestinal changes are not distinguishable from morphological and functional abnormalities termed “sprue” or tropical enteropathy since its highest prevalence is in several tropical locations lacking adequate sanitation [61,62]. Clinically these changes may present as hypo- or achlorhydria, bacterial proliferation in the stomach and upper intestine and malabsorption. Acute and chronic diarrhea and tropical enteropathy, often with colonization by enteric pathogens and subclinical malabsorption, are often superimposed on PEM.
Infections in Older Adults with Diabetes
Medha N. Munshi, Lewis A. Lipsitz in Geriatric Diabetes, 2007
In the developed world, Salmonella are acquired through animal contact, the ingestion of contaminated food, and food products, and occasionally from fomites. Gastric acid is a major defense against this organism. Older adults with achlorhydria or use of acid-blocking medications are at increased risk of acquiring intestinal infection with dissemination to distant sites. Vascular disease, cholelithiasis, nephrolithiasis, prosthetic devices, or other anatomic abnormalities also predispose to salmonella infection. Diabetes, autoimmune disease, malignancy, immunosuppressive drugs, and others have also been associated with increased risk of infection (18).
Potential risk factors related to the development of gastric polyps
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2018
Wenjun Cao, Guoqiang Hou, Xin Zhang, Hongxia San, Jianzhong Zheng
The etiology of hyperplastic polyp is unclear. Excessive regeneration of foveolar epithelium following mucosal lesion may cause hyperplastic polyp. Inflammatory fibroid polyp, detecting throughout the gastrointestinal tract, often occurs in antropyloric site (about 80%). In some cases, it is often associated with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria. FGPs especially multiple FGPs are often observed in familial adenomatous polyposis. Sporadic FGPs discovered in middle-aged male or females by upper endoscopy are the most common type of GPs. The malignant rate of hyperplastic polyps, usually occurring in polyps with a diameter larger than 1 cm, is less than 1% [3], Sporadic FGPs have characteristically been considered as benign polyps without malignant potential; however, but some of the other GPs had malignant risk. Carmack has described sporadic FGPs containing low-grade dysplasia [4]. Molecular alterations within GPs may lead to unknown risks of neoplastic development [5].
Copper deficiency, a rare but correctable cause of pancytopenia: a review of literature
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Nayha Tahir, Aqsa Ashraf, Syed Hamza Bin Waqar, Abdul Rafae, Leela Kantamneni, Taha Sheikh, Rafiullah Khan
Cases have been reported with celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial overgrowth, and cystic fibrosis with associated copper deficiency [10,20,38–41]. Reported chronic use of proton pump inhibitors has been associated with chronic achlorhydria, which has been hypothesized as a possible cause of copper deficiency in certain reported cases [42].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carcinoma
- Constipation
- Intestinal Metaplasia
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Diarrhea
- Stomach
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Iron-Deficiency Anemia