Nutrient Interactions and Glucose Homeostasis
Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack in Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the metabolism of the key nutrients, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the body, and how the interactions involved in the metabolic processing of these nutrients affect glucose homeostasis. We will pay particular attention to the interplay of the metabolism of fatty acids and glucose, which are the major fuel sources in the post-absorptive state. We will then explore how knowledge of the interrelationships of the metabolism of these nutrients has been used so far and the potential for additional use to design effective treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes. The discussion will be focused on human studies, but results from animal experiments will also be discussed where human data are either limited or not available.
Use of oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancy
Moshe Hod, Lois G. Jovanovic, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Alberto de Leiva, Oded Langer in Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy, 2018
Glyburide (also known as glibenclamide and glybenzcy-clamide) is one of the second-generation hypoglycemic sulfonylureas; the group also includes glipizide, gliclazide, and glimepiride. These are considerably more potent than the earlier agents. When given as a single agent, the peak plasma level of glyburide occurs within 4 hours; the absorption of the drug is not affected by food digestion. Metabolism of glyburide occurs in the liver and its metabolites are extracted in the bile and urine in equal proportions. Ten hours is the approximate elimination half-life of glyburide. Adverse effects of the drug are infrequent; they occur in less than 4% of patients receiving second-generation agents.27 In 11%–38% of nonpregnant patients with type 2 diabetes, the main side effect of glyburide is hypoglycemia, with symptoms being dose related: the older patient is at greater risk of a hypoglycemic episode.
Short Bowel Syndrome
John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson in Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
Many hormones are produced by cells within in the GI tract. These hormones participate in many physiological roles, including the control of secretomotor activity, and are closely linked with the nervous system. Most of the gut hormones fall into one of two families according to their molecular structure: the gastrin family (e.g., gastrin and cholecystokinin) or the secretin family (e.g., gastric inhibitory peptide [GIP], GLP, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide). The hormones are produced in response to luminal stimuli (primarily nutrient contact) and have five main areas of function, including the control of gastric emptying/secretion (gastrin, somatostatin), regulating the rate of digestion (cholecystokinin, secretin, GIP, and motilin), slowing the rate of GI transit (GLP-1, neurotensin, and peptide YY), promoting intestinal growth (GLP-2 and neurotensin), and control of blood glucose (insulin, GLP-1, GIP).
Effects of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish
Published in Temperature, 2020
Helene Volkoff, Ivar Rønnestad
Digestion consists of a series of complex series of processes with the overall aim to maximize absorption of dietary nutrients (Figure 5). After ingestion, food is mainly degraded by digestive enzymes and to some extent mechanically by muscular movements of the GIT. Among fish species, different feeding habits (e.g. herbivore, omnivore, carnivore) result in different GIT morphologies. Carnivores usually have short and straight intestines, most often with the presence of a true stomach and pyloric ceca (finger-like appendages in the proximal intestine, which increase the overall intestinal absorptive surface area) whereas herbivores tend to have longer intestines without ceca and sometimes no true stomach [83]. Agastric fish may possess an intestinal bulb or an enlargement in the anterior intestine that might somewhat increase retention time [84]. A number of gastrointestinal factors (hormones, neurotransmitters) act locally to regulate digestive processes [85]. Temperature affects the secretory activity of digestive juices (by its effect on food ingestion), GIT motility, the activity of digestive enzymes, and digestion and absorption rates [86].
Prokinetic effects of Citrus reticulata and Citrus aurantium extract with/without Bupleurum chinense using multistress-induced delayed gastric emptying models
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yanrong Gong, Xiaoxia Liang, Yanting Dai, Xiang Huang, Qiaozhen Su, Yan Ma, Fenglian Chen, Shuling Wang
Food intake and food digestion, including motility of the alimentary tract, secretion and absorption, are crucial physiological events for human beings. However, an abundance of the population worldwide suffers from gastrointestinal motility disorders such as recurrent delayed gastric emptying (DGE). These disorders typically lead to debility symptoms, such as anorexia, runny stool, general malaise and loss of weight. With regard to absence of any underlying organic alteration in the upper digestive tract in most cases, these disorders are called functional dyspepsia (FD) and psychosocial factors are addressed to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysmotility (Mounsey et al. 2020). A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of FD included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms (Ford et al. 2017).
Method to characterize inorganic particulates in lung tissue biopsies using field emission scanning electron microscopy
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Heather A. Lowers, G. N. Breit, M. Strand, R. M. Pillers, G. P. Meeker, T. I. Todorov, G. S. Plumlee, R. E. Wolf, M. Robinson, J. Parr, R. Miller, S. Groshong, F. Green, C. Rose
We evaluated differences in the abundance of phases identified as follows: (a) between in situ and digestion results; (b) among subjects; (c) among pathologist-classified areas; and (d) among frames. The large range in the number of particles resolved among the fields of view (0 to 73; median 9) and totals for a subject (8 to 1348; median 307) necessitated normalized abundances (percentiles) for statistical comparison. Hierarchical linear mixed models were fitted for relative abundance of each major phase to determine relative variances of subjects, sampling areas and frames, by including random intercept terms for subject and sampling area within subject. Frame variability was accounted for by error variance. Sampling areas were nested within subject, and frames within sampling areas. Two analyses were performed, one using all frames and another using only frames in which more than 5 particles were identified. Similar hierarchical models were used for the digestion filter data to determine relative variances for subjects and replicates within subjects. Paired t-tests were used to compare relative abundances for each phase, between digestion and in situ methods, and among subjects that had data for both methods.
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