Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
There are several basic indicators that epidemiologists take into account when measuring and analyzing the health status of a population. Both mortality and morbidity figures for example show effects of a disease in a population. Of the two, mortality is the more severe outcome of a disease. In developed countries where data are available, mortality is easy to measure in an accurate manner and is therefore valuable. In third world countries, however, its value is diminished, as it is often difficult to establish the cause of death, or deaths are simply unrecorded. The mortality rate, also called the death rate, estimates the proportion of the population that dies during a specific period. Morbidity in contrast expresses any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. It may be measured as the number of persons who are ill; the number of illnesses that the individuals experienced; and the duration of the illness in an individual. Incidence is the number of new events or cases of a disease in a given population group during a certain period of time. The incidence rate indicates the rate at which new events occur in a population; the numerator is the number of new cases in a defined period while the denominator is the number of individuals exposed to risk during the period. If the period is a year, the figure is called the annual incidence rate.
Cancer Epidemiology
Trevor F. Cox in Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Cancer mortality is measured as a mortality rate of which there are several types. These are: Crude mortality rate (MR): the mortality rate from all causes of death within a population and often quoted per 100,000 people.Cause-specific mortality rate: the mortality rate from a specific cause for a population, e.g. all cancers, leukaemia.Age-specific mortality rate (ASMR): the mortality rate for various age groups.Case fatality rate (CFR): the ratio of the number of deaths from a cancer, to the number of cases of the cancer.
Analysis of Population-Based Cancer Survival Data
Yingwei Peng, Binbing Yu in Cure Models, 2021
Several key statistics have been used to measure the impact of cancer on the society. The popular metrics for cancer burden include incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival (Ellis et al., 2014; Kamangar et al., 2006). A cancer incidence is defined as the newly diagnosed cancer case during a specific time period and the incidence rate is usually expressed as the number of cancer incidence cases per 100,000 population at risk. Cancer mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths with cancer as the underlying cause of death during a specific time period, which is also expressed as the number of cancer death per 100,000 population. Cancer prevalence (rate) is defined as the number (proportion) of people alive on a specific date but previously having diagnosis of a certain type of cancer. The prevalent cases include both newly diagnosed cases and pre-existing cases. Cancer survival is typically expressed as the proportion of patients alive at certain time point after the diagnosis of cancer. These cancer statistical metrics are inter-related but distinct measures of cancer burden and progress of cancer treatment. Cancer incidence is the main measure of cancer burden in a population and cancer mortality rates is usually regarded as the best indicator of progress against cancer. Cancer survival is a primary endpoint for evaluating cancer treatment efficacy and an important metric for monitoring and evaluating the progress of cancer control and treatment.
Selected strategies to fight pathogenic bacteria
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Aiva Plotniece, Arkadij Sobolev, Claudiu T. Supuran, Fabrizio Carta, Fredrik Björkling, Henrik Franzyk, Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma, Koen Augustyns, Paul Cos, Linda De Vooght, Matthias Govaerts, Juliana Aizawa, Päivi Tammela, Raivis Žalubovskis
Endotracheal tube microbial colonisation is a major risk factor for VAP and a multispecies biofilm of commensal micro-organisms forms in 90% of the tubes used in mechanical ventilation123. This biofilm presents a clinical challenge since pathogens can attach to the microbial community formed on the inner surface of the endotracheal tube. Carried by airway pressure, they can then bypass normal barriers and reach the pulmonary parenchyma or infect the lungs. In a prospective observational study that included patients from 27 European intensive care units (ICUs), S. aureus is reported as the most common Gram-positive isolate in VAP patients and P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and E. coli are among the most common Gram-negative isolates124. Mortality rates can vary in different patient groups and depend on underlying conditions and disease severity. In a meta-analysis using randomised trials and considering a homogeneous group of patients, the overall attributable mortality associated with VAP was 13%125.
Heuristic-based channel selection with enhanced deep learning for heart disease prediction under WBAN
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
V. Muthu Ganesh, Janakiraman Nithiyanantham
Health reports of any country determine the quality of nation towards offering the clinical facilities to their people. Around the world, the mortality rate is increased due to heart diseases like heart failure and heart attack. Therefore, the early detection of heart diseases is an emerging need nowadays. Numerous systems have been developed for remote health monitoring in diverse environments through several communication protocols, which have focused on measuring significant health parameters. WBAN has several standards, which have several challenges as discussed here. IEEE 802.15.6 introduces slotted-Aloha Media Access Control Address (MAC) protocol, where eight diverse priorities were described along with its contention probability. First, the initial value is assigned to this contention probability, and then, based on the slots, the node was assigned through Aloha. When the transmission is failed, the contention probability value was divided in half. Conversely, it generates collision for causing transmission failure.
Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica)
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Gaurav Kumar, Venkateshwar Madka, Gopal Pathuri, Vishal Ganta, Chinthalapally V. Rao
Notwithstanding the enormous increase in our understanding of the basic biology, malignant growth, and treatment modalities, the overall mortality rates of cancer have not declined proportionally in the last few decades. Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica officinalis, or Amla) has been used and studied extensively, and shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor/anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective activities. In this review, we compiled the In Vitro and In Vivo preclinical studies and clinical trials showing the anti-initiating, anti-promoting, and anti-progression mechanisms of gooseberry, with emphasis on its anti-tumor effects. Although the human evidence for its anticancer properties is limited, P. emblica has been safely consumed by humans in various foods and traditional medicines for centuries. Importantly, In Vitro and In Vivo studies provide evidence suggesting P. emblica contains potential cancer preventing components that have demonstrated strong suppressive properties against tumor promoting mechanisms. Therefore P. emblica and its bioactive components should be further studied clinically to prevent cancers.
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