Mood (Affective) Disorders
Bernat-N. Tiffon in Atlas of Forensic and Criminal Psychology, 2022
To provide context for, and examples of, the situations presented in Table 6.6: Example of situation 1: The subject states that they want to kill themselves by slitting their wrist(s) in the bathroom, but does not lock the door to prevent entry from someone who might rescue them.Example of situation 2: Clear instance of someone trying to call attention to themselves (e.g., those with histrionic personality disorder or borderline personality disorder).Example of situation 3: The subject shows that they want to kill themselves by slitting their wrist(s) in the bathroom and locking the door to prevent someone from coming in and saving them.Example of situation 4: A lack of danger because there is not a high degree of lethality.
Clinical Toxicology of Fugu Poisoning
Jürg Meier, Julian White in Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Tetrodotoxin poisoning may be expected to occur wherever tetrodotoxic fish (see above) are found and eaten. Unfortunately, global statistics regarding tetrodotoxin poisoning are not readily available, with the exception of Japan, where the eating of “fugu” is quite common. Whereas earlier this century more than 100 death cases per year were reported, recent data show an incidence of 45 patients per year and a lethality of about 11 percent (Table 2)1,36. The tremendous decline in both incidence and lethality is most probably due to the fact that there are almost no cases of poisoning after fugu consumption in restaurants, since fugu cooks have to pass rigorous examinations before receiving a license. Thus, nowadays, fugu poisoning is most often seen when inexperienced fishermen prepare their own fish.
Micronutrients in Protecting Against Lethal Doses of Ionizing Radiation
Kedar N. Prasad in Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
The effects of high doses of radiation have been described in detail in several books including the one referred here.4 The extent of damage depends upon the dose, dose-rate, mode of delivery (single versus fractionated dose), surface area irradiated (whole-body versus partial-body), and radiosensitivity of target organs. The most radiosensitive organs on the criterion of cell death include bone marrow, small intestine, hair follicles and gonads. The responses to high-dose radiation differ among mammals and are generally measured in terms of mortality rate and survival time after irradiation. The mortality rate can be measured as LD50 (dose that produces 50% lethality) or LD100 (dose that produces 100% lethality). The efficacy of radiation protection is generally expressed as dose reduction factor (DRF) that is the ratio of a dose that produces an effect in the presence of a radioprotective agent and a dose that produces the same effect in the absence of the same radioprotective agent. Other ways to express the efficacy of radioprotective agents can include increase in survival rate and survival time compared to irradiated control groups.
The use of remdesivir for the management of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Kaeshaelya Thiruchelvam, Chia Siang Kow, Muhammad Abdul Hadi, Syed Shahzad Hasan
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic since its first emergence in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019 [1]. The pandemic has plummeted many parts of the world into a protracted economic, medical, and social crisis [2]. Patients with COVID-19 present with a wide spectrum of severity ranging from asymptomatic, to mild disease (i.e. absence of pneumonia or mild pneumonia), and to severe/critical life-threatening disease manifested as acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) or multiorgan dysfunction [3–5]. Patients with severe illness typically present with dyspnea and low blood oxygen levels, requiring oxygen therapy or intensive respiratory support with mechanical ventilation [6]. Given the lethality of COVID-19 in which the case fatality rate ranged from approximately 1% to 12% [7], it is crucial to identify an effective treatment for patients with a severe course of illness, since oxygen supplementation and supportive care may not be sufficient to prevent deaths [8]. In addition, effective treatment is also required for patients with moderate course of illness to prevent further deterioration in their clinical progress.
Morbidity and mortality resulting from acute inhalation exposures to hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride in rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Adolph J. Januszkiewicz, Matthew A. Bazar, Lee C. B. Crouse, Michael A. Chapman, Steven E. Hodges, Steven J. McCormick, Arthur J. O’Neill
Mortalities were documented up to the 6-day post-exposure monitoring period. The calculated LC50’s for the HF and COF2 exposures are summarized in Table 2. Briefly, female rats appeared more sensitive to HF than males with respect to the 10-min exposures. However, gender sensitivity was reversed with COF2 exposure. LC50’s could not be accurately determined for the 5-min exposures due to the absence or limited number of mortalities. However, some deaths (mostly male) did occur with the 5-min COF2 exposures which allowed for an LC50 estimate. Exposure to HF caused no deaths on the day of exposure or within 24 h post-exposure. Conversely, COF2 exposure did result in acute mortality, primarily observed during or shortly after the exposure (Table 3). Eighty-nine percent of observed COF2 deaths occurred either during the exposure period or within the 5-min post-exposure recovery period (while air breathing). The balance occurred within 24 h of exposure. Conversely, 80% of the HF deaths occurred on Days 3 and 4 post-exposure, with the balance occurring on Days 1 and 2 of the observation period. The data showed little difference in mortality between genders within the observed time-frame. Lethality estimates from this study are compared to results from earlier reports and shown in Table 4.
Investigating the Relationship Between Social and Economic Policy Views, Firearm Ownership, and Death by Firearm in a Sample of Suicide Decedents
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2018
Sarah E. Butterworth, Claire Houtsma, Joye C. Anestis, Michael D. Anestis
Although rates of ownership vary by region, firearms are clearly a robust presence in American society. Extant literature provides clear evidence for the frequent use and lethality of firearms in suicide and the ability of means safety measures to prevent suicides; however, little evidence exists to provide a full understanding of the demographics and other characteristics that differentiate suicide decedents who die by firearm from those who die by other methods. Factors including male gender, older age, veteran status, elevated blood alcohol concentration, acute crisis and relationship problems, and living in an area with higher rates of firearm availability have all been found to be characteristic of suicide decedents who died by firearm rather than by another method (Kaplan, McFarland, & Huguet, 2009a; Kaplan, McFarland, & Huguet, 2009b). Additionally, recent research has demonstrated that those who die by suicide using a firearm, as opposed to suicide decedents who die by other methods, are more likely to be male and to own a firearm and less likely to have previously endorsed suicidal ideation or engaged in previous non-lethal suicide attempts (Anestis, Khazem, & Anestis, 2016). Furthermore, research has found that firearm owners who stored their firearms at home and in non-secure locations (e.g., bedside tables) were more likely than other suicide decedents to die using a firearm (Anestis et al., 2016).
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