A
Filomena Pereira-Maxwell in Medical Statistics, 2018
Synonymous with absolute risk difference (ARD) or, more specifically, with absolute risk increase (ARI). This term is often used in the context of epidemiological studies, and sometimes, although incorrectly, as a synonym for attributable fraction. In contrast with clinical trials and intervention studies where treatments and preventive exposures are expected to decrease the risk of adverse outcomes (albeit with the possible occurrence of adverse reactions), observational epidemiological studies often focus on harmful or detrimental exposures that increase the risk of disease. The attributable risk is thus the risk difference, risk1 minus risk0 (risk in exposed minus risk in unexposed), and measures the excess risk in the exposed that is attributable to the exposure. Exposure effect is thus expressed in net or absolute terms. Additional measures of impact are the attributable fraction (exposed), the population attributable risk (which measures the excess risk in the study population - or in a broader population - that is attributable to the exposure), and the population attributable fraction. Attributable fractions measure impact in relative or proportional terms.
Social, Environmental and Economic Determinants
John Fry, Nat Yuen in Principles and Practice of Primary Care and Family Medicine: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, 2018
The most important point to be made about contemporary patterns of mortality in industrialized countries is that a very large proportion of them are related to the use of tobacco. Estimates of the attributable risk, that is the proportion of cancers, heart disease and chronic respiratory disease in the community which may be prevented by eliminating the use of tobacco, ranges from 25% to 90%8 (Table 1.ii.VII). It is often said by both lay and medical people that the cause of cancer is unknown and requires more research. However, there are many health problems on this planet which are sensitive to relatively simple preventive approaches; the prevention of smoking in the majority of the population would result in the commonest cause of death from malignancy (lung cancer) and other health problems becoming relatively uncommon diseases. Nor should the importance of smoking in the causation of coronary heart disease be underestimated. Although the risk is much lower than that of lung cancer, for instance, smoking is so common that it exerts a very significant effect on the population rates for heart disease.8
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Epidemiologists use a variety of statistics when calculating risk. These include: (1) RELATIVE RISK (the incidence of a condition in organisms exposed to particular factors, compared to the incidence in organisms not exposed to those factors); (2) ATTRIBUTABLE RISK, which is calculated as the incidence of a condition in organisms exposed to risk factors multiplied by relative risk minus one. Attributable risk is a valuable statistic for individuals to calculate since it includes information about relative risk (how likely is an organism to contract condition A?) and incidence (how common is condition A?). (3) POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE RISK is defined as the attributable risk multiplied by the prevalence of exposure to a risk factor in the population under consideration.
Breaking down barriers for prescribing and using hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms: an experts’ perspective
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Serge Rozenberg, Nick Panay, Marco Gambacciani, Antonio Cano, Sarah Gray, Katrin Schaudig
The existence of misleading information and out-of-date data about breast cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in scientific and nonscientific journals has resulted in an increasing concern among many physicians, leading to excessive fear of prescribing. There is a misperception that MHT increases all cancers, while some cancer risks are not increased or even decreased in some patients (e.g. colon cancer, endometrium cancer in obese women) [5,18]. Moreover, the risk of breast cancer is overestimated both by HCPs and by patients. In this line, it is of high importance to differentiate between relative risk and attributable risk, since only the latter is an expression of the added risk for a patient [8,19]. Relative risk estimates should, therefore, not be used when communicating with patients. As an example, the attributable risk of breast cancer in 1000 women using MHT for 5 years was 20 additional cases study from the Breast Cancer Collaborative Group using estrogen-progestogen regimen and five extra cases while using estrogen-only -therapy [8].
Estimating the avoidable burden and population attributable fraction of human risk factors of road traffic injuries in iran: application of penalization, bias reduction and sparse data analysis
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2019
Mahmood Bakhtiyari, Mohammad Reza Mehmandar, Mehdi Khezeli, Arman Latifi, Touraj Ahmadi Jouybari, Mohammad Ali Mansournia
According Table 4, the highest population attributable fraction, when keeping other risk factors constant in the society, was related to fatigue and drowsiness, and followed by overspeeding. This means that there was a 25% decrease in the deaths of drivers after eliminating the risk factor of fatigue and drowsiness in the drivers’ population. Furthermore, the total attributable risk of the most important risk factors studied in the research was about 56%. This means that appropriate review and legislation for these risk factors would decrease half of such deaths. Given the fact that fastening seatbelt by driver or passenger was not associated with the deaths of pedestrians, it appears necessary to eliminate 18 cases of accident, in which pedestrians were involved, from the analyses. After crossing out these cases and disregarding 4 deaths occurred among pedestrians, the total common impact of risk factors increased to 60%.
Contact lens‐related corneal infection in Australia
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Given the variation in the magnitude of relative risk for different risk factors across studies, one approach to better understanding the relative importance of particular risk factors may be to consider their population‐attributable risk percentage. This measure provides an estimate of the impact of the risk factor on the total disease load within that population, based on both the odds ratio and penetrance of the behaviour or factor. In the relationship between lung cancer and smoking, for example, the population‐attributable risk percentage for smoking is 85 per cent; hence, 85 per cent of the disease load could be eliminated by addressing smoking.1992 This approach may help to target key modifiable risk factors in disease or in disease subgroups.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Colorectal Cancer
- Number Needed to Harm
- Relative Risk Reduction
- Incidence
- Number Needed to Treat
- Number Needed to Harm
- Standard Score
- Statistical Significance
- Population Impact Measure