Cancer Drugs and Treatment Formulations for Women-Associated Cancers
Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid in Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Thyroid cancer has grown substantially in prevalence over the last three decades, and it is currently the fastest growing disease in women. According to the most recent American Cancer Society predictions, there will be roughly 43,800 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States in 2022 (11,860 in men and 31,940 in women) (12,150 in men and 32,130 in women) [14]. Thyroid cancer claims the lives of over 2,230 deaths from thyroid cancer (1,070 men and 1,160 women) people each year (approx. 1,050 men and 1,150 women) www.cancer.org; ACS Journal; seer.cancer.gov. Thyroid cancer has an unknown origin, although it may be caused by a mix of hereditary and environmental factors. While some people have no signs or symptoms, others may have a bulge in the neck. Surgery, hormone therapy, radioactive iodine, radiation and, in certain circumstances, chemotherapy are all effective treatments.
Molecular testing of thyroid nodules
Demetrius Pertsemlidis, William B. Inabnet III, Michel Gagner in Endocrine Surgery, 2017
Thyroid cancer is one of the few malignancies that are increasing in incidence. Although early detection may be one reason for the rise, other variables may also be contributing to the observed increase, as the trend has been observed in both genders, and in patients of all ages and racial and ethnic groups [1–3]. Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed during the evaluation of a thyroid nodule that is detected either on physical examination or as an incidental finding on imaging, such as carotid ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT) scans of the neck or chest. With today’s sensitive CT and US technology, clinically occult nodules are being diagnosed with rising frequency. In a recent study of 635 German patients who were screened with neck US, thyroid nodules were detected in up to 68% of adults and the incidence was age dependent, with nodules diagnosed in nearly 80% of those who were >61 years old [4]. Thus, as the population ages and receives more diagnostic testing, thyroid nodules will become a commonplace finding. In the routine evaluation of thyroid nodules, the goal should be to exclude malignancy [5].
Thyroid and Parathyroid Imaging
George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan in Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Thyroid cancer is classified into four major types: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic.1–3,26 Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma arise from thyroid follicular cells and retain, to a variable degree, their ability to concentrate radioactive iodine, albeit to a lesser degree than normal thyroid tissues.1–3,26 This radioiodine-concentrating ability may render such tumors amenable to effective therapy with I-131 after the removal of the bulk of primary tumor. Hurthle cell neoplasms are a subset of thyroid neoplasms that are characterized by abundant mitochondrial elements and have characteristic cytologic and pathologic characteristics.1–3,26 Often presenting as a solitary nodule, these tumors can be benign or malignant. They frequently do not accumulate sufficient radioiodine for imaging or for attempts at therapy. Medullary cancer arises from the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid, and does not concentrate radioiodine, but secretes calcitonin. Anaplastic carcinoma arises from follicular cells, but is so dedifferentiated that radioiodine accumulation for imaging or therapy with radioiodine does not occur.1–3,26 In some instances a well-differentiated papillary or follicular cancer may dedifferentiate into an anaplastic cancer.1–3,26
LncRNA-IQCH-AS1 sensitizes thyroid cancer cells to doxorubicin via modulating the miR-196a-5p/PPP2R1B signalling pathway
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Thyroid cancer, which is located within the thyroid gland, is a prevalent human endocrine tumour, associating with poor diagnosis and survival rates in worldwide especially for the advanced and aggressive thyroid cancer [1]. Currently, surgery and radioiodine therapy (I-131 therapy) are the primarily therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer [2]. In addition, chemotherapy with the combination of radiation therapy has been applied for anaplastic thyroid cancer [3]. Doxorubicin, which is an antibiotic derived from the Streptomyces peucetius bacterium, has been widely applied as an anti-cancer agent [4]. Doxorubicin functions through inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II to intercalate within DNA base pairs, leading to DNA strands breaking to inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis [4,5]. Although doxorubicin has achieved improved survival rate for thyroid cancer patients, a large fraction of patients was aggravated by adverse effects and developed doxorubicin resistance, arising a severe challenge for its widely applications [6]. Thus, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and specific biotargets of the acquired doxorubicin resistance is an urgent task.
Selenium and thyroid cancer: a systematic review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Mônica de Oliveira Maia, Bruna Aparecida Melo Batista, Morgana Pinheiro Sousa, Luana Matos de Souza, Carla Soraya Costa Maia
Thyroid cancer comprises a broad grouping of tumors with different clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Histologically, the main ones can be classified into three types, differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) (5). DTC represent about 90% of thyroid cancers and it originates from follicular thyroid cells, which are responsible for colloid and hormones production. This type of carcinoma presents the best prognosis and can be subdivided mainly into papillary and follicular carcinomas. ATC usually arises from a well-differentiated carcinoma, and although it accounts for less than 1% of thyroid cancers, it is considered one of the most aggressive types. Finally, MTC is derived from calcitonin secretory thyroid parafollicular cells, occurring sporadically or related to hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (6).
Clinically relevant thyroid disorders and inflammatory bowel disease are inversely related: a retrospective case-control study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Maria Pina Dore, Giuseppe Fanciulli, Alessandra Manca, Valentina Cocco, Alessandra Nieddu, Michele Murgia, Giovanni Mario Pes
The distribution of patients with IBD and subjects undergoing a screening colonoscopy was similar for sex, smoking habit, and obesity. Interestingly, the proportion of patients with IBD was higher in the occupation Class IV and lower in Class I. Accordingly, more IBD patients used to live in rural areas. Distribution of single, married, widowed and divorced was statistically different between patients with IBD compared to those without (p = .006) (Table 1). Among study participants, 205 complained TDs and the prevalence was statistically higher among screened subjects rather than in patients with IBD. More specifically, hypothyroidism was detected in 112 and hyperthyroidism in 18 patients, respectively, and in 71 patients a miscellanea of alterations, not directly affecting the gland function, was found (Tables 2 and 3). Thyroid cancer was diagnosed in four patients.