Obesity
David Lightsey in The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
Long-term rapid weight loss programs can have a profound negative effect on your resting metabolic rate. The resting metabolic rate is the body’s total caloric requirement over a 24-hour period to sustain all its functions at rest, including vital organ functions, maintaining body temperature, thought processes, and respiration. In 1993, researchers examined 328 healthy men (17–80 years old) and 194 women (18–81 years old) volunteers were characterized for RMR, body composition, physical activity, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), anthropometrics, and energy intake. Measured RMR was 23% higher in men (1,740 +/− 194 kcal/day) than in women (1,348 +/− 125 kcal/day). These figures depend upon body size, age, muscle mass, and climate, where the rate is lower in warmer climates.30 You can positively change your RMR by becoming more physically active and increasing the amount of muscle mass which results in the utilization or burning more calories per day at rest than normal. If this, through increased activity, is a change of just 100 calories per, then this can theoretically equates to 36,500 calories per year (100 × 365 days) or roughly 10 pounds of body fat (36,500/3,500 calories in one pound of body fat).You can negatively affect your RMR (reduce it) by a sedentary lifestyle, losing muscle mass, or excessive caloric restriction.
Dietary Management of Overweight and Obesity
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Resting metabolic rate (RMR; can be substituted for REE) should be measured through indirect calorimetry whenever possible.3 Although reasonably priced, hand-held medical devices enable measurement of RMR (REE) in the primary care setting, there are still times when measurement is not possible. The Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation (MSJE) is the most accurate predictive formula available for adults, and has been found to predict RMR within 10% of measured in most individuals.3,10,11 Online and mobile applications utilizing the MSJE make calculation of energy needs particularly convenient and accessible. However, the simplified MSJE for males and females11 are provided below:
Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Lipoprotein Disorders and other Metabolic Diseases
John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan in Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
For adults to maintain a stable weight, their daily energy intake (food) needs to match their daily energy expenditure. Total daily energy expenditure combines: Energy used to maintain the resting metabolic rate: 60–70%This is unchanged in obesity. However, it is lowered in untreated hypothyroidism.Thermic effect of food: 10%After eating, energy is required to power the digestion, absorption and storage of nutrients. No changes significant enough to cause weight gain have been identified in obese people.Energy cost of physical activity: 20–30%Physical activity is the only variable under voluntary control that affects total energy expenditure. Obese people are less physically active than lean people. Prospective studies indicate that low physical activity at baseline weight is a risk factor for later weight gain.
Mediterranean diet is associated with bone mineral density and muscle mass in postmenopausal women
Published in Climacteric, 2019
T. R. da Silva, C. C. Martins, L. L. Ferreira, P. M. Spritzer
BMD, percentage body fat, and ALM (kg) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Prodigy; Radiation Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). ALM was scaled to height squared (appendicular lean mass index [ALMI]) to estimate skeletal muscle mass16. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine (L1–L4), total femur, and femoral neck, and expressed as g/cm2 and t-score. Normal bone mass was defined as a t-score above −1 standard deviation and low bone mass was defined as the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis, according to the World Health Organization17. The least significant change in our center was 0.022 g/cm2 (1.8%) for the lumbar spine and 0.033 g/cm2 (1.9%) for the total femur. The resting metabolic rate was obtained by indirect calorimetry (Fitmate®; Cosmed, Rome, Italy).
Increasing the diversity of dietary fibers in a daily-consumed bread modifies gut microbiota and metabolic profile in subjects at cardiometabolic risk
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Harimalala Ranaivo, Florence Thirion, Christel Béra-Maillet, Susie Guilly, Chantal Simon, Monique Sothier, Laurie Van Den Berghe, Nathalie Feugier-Favier, Stéphanie Lambert-Porcheron, Isabelle Dussous, Loïc Roger, Hugo Roume, Nathalie Galleron, Nicolas Pons, Emmanuelle Le Chatelier, Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich, Martine Laville, Joël Doré, Julie-Anne Nazare
On metabolic assessment days, subjects arrived at CRNH-RA after an 8 h overnight fast following the ingestion of a standard low dietary fiber evening meal (one serving of lean meat or fish, rice, a dairy product and fruit compote). Body weight, fat mass percentage, height, and waist circumference were measured using standardized methodologies with a calibrated weighing scale, a Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (BQ4000; Bodystat Ltd. Douglas, UK) stadiometer and non-elastic tape, respectively. BMI was calculated as weight/height2. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry using a QUARK calorimeter (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Subjects were served a breakfast at T0 (the study product (multi-fiber or control bread), hot drink, jam, and butter) and a standardized challenge test meal at T240. Fasting and postprandial blood (T0, T15 T30 T45 T60 T90 T120 T180 T210 T240 T255 T270 T300 T330 T360 T390 T420) were collected using an antecubital vein catheter.
Diastolic function and cardiovascular risk among patients with severe obesity referred to a lifestyle-program – a pilot study
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2023
Line M. Oldervoll, Rolf Gjestad, Christina Hilmarsen C, Anders Ose, Lisbeth Gullikstad, Ulrik Wisløff, Baard Kulseng, Jostein Grimsmo
The weight-loss program included physical activity, dietary sessions and BCT on five weekdays during each stay. The physical activity part included two hours of theory in plenary and 31 h of practical focusing on being physically active through endurance and strength exercise. Dietary advice was offered in a one-hour lecture and four hours of group work, focussing on calories and nutrition, two hours of examining the ingredients and nutrition of groceries, and four hours of cooking. Dietary sessions focussed on planning and preparing meals and ways to modify eating behaviour. Personalised meal plans and dietary advice targeted a calorie reduction of approximately 600 Kilocalories a day. Individual calorie restricted diets were based on the given estimate for resting metabolic rate. BCT included three hours of plenary sessions, four hours group work and individual sessions. BCT was aimed at goal setting and increased awareness of maladaptive cognitions that contribute to the maintenance of emotional distress and problematic eating behaviour [17]. Topics covered were expectations towards attending the weight-loss program, motivation and conflicting interests, excuses, compensatory strategies and foundation for change.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bioenergetics
- Indirect Calorimetry
- Parasitism
- Respirometry
- Metabolism
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- Homeostasis
- Metabolic Equivalent of Task