Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome
David Perlmutter in The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
The impact of diet on the gut metabolome as it relates to health is presently at the forefront of microbiome research.51 One prominent example of the focus of this research is the work being done to explore the role of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in cardiovascular disease and stroke. Plasma levels of TMAO are positively associated with the risk of major cardiovascular events.52 One effect of TMAO is increased platelet adherence and promotion of thrombosis.53 TMAO is the product of gut microbial metabolism of dietary choline to trimethylamine (TMA), followed by hepatic oxidation of TMA to TMAO. In mice, blocking TMAO production by feeding dimethylbutanol, a non-lethal inhibitor of TMA synthesis, prevents the development of choline-induced atherosclerosis, indicating that TMAO contributes to the pathogenesis of arterial disease in this model.54 Resveratrol, a flavonoid found in red wine, reduces TMA production by the gut microbiome, which is one possible mechanism by which red wine consumption decreases the incidence of coronary heart disease.55 High fat feeding, on the other hand, has been shown to produce a short-term increase in plasma TMAO among healthy young men.56
Integrated system biology approaches to fetal medicine problems
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
The metabolome is the collection of all metabolites present in a sample of interest, for example, blood or other biological fluid, tissue, or cells (28). The aim of metabolomics is to profile the maximum number of metabolites found within an organism, tissue, cell, or biofluid. The metabolome of biological fluids represents a sensitive and multifactorial phenotypic signature of disease, providing insights of the interface between the final downstream products of gene expression, the influence of environmental factors, and the complex interactions between them. Metabolic changes could be used to monitor relative risk, understand pathophysiological mechanisms, and monitor response to treatment. The two most common analytical tools used for metabolomics have been nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
Plant Species from the Atlantic Forest Biome and Their Bioactive Constituents
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio in Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Natural products dereplication is challenging due to the high chemo-diversity of metabolites, especially for metabolomics studies (Schwab, 2003). Metabolomics consist of comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolome, which represents all metabolites present in an organism, at a specific time and under specific conditions (Yuliana et al., 2011). To achieve optimum results, one of the most exciting techniques for separation of complex samples is multidimensional chromatography, either gas or liquid, where multiple chromatographic separations are performed on a given mixture (Carr and Stoll, 2015; Li et al., 2015). Unlike two-dimensional gas chromatography (2D-GC), the utilization of 2D-LC remains relatively uncommon, nevertheless the technology's potential as a promising tool for metabolomics, shall probably increase use in near future(Funari et al., 2012a, 2012b; Wolfender et al., 2015).
Microbiota-derived metabolites as drivers of gut–brain communication
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Hany Ahmed, Quentin Leyrolle, Ville Koistinen, Olli Kärkkäinen, Sophie Layé, Nathalie Delzenne, Kati Hanhineva
The analysis of the circulating metabolome reflects the crosstalk between nutrition, microbiome, and host metabolism (summarized in Figure 1). Therefore, it may reveal potential biomarker candidates of health and disease, enable understanding of related metabolic processes and can be helpful in rationalizing individual responses to preventive or therapeutic interventions (Box 1). In addition, modulating certain type of neuroactive metabolites, by acting on nutrition and gut microbiota, represents an interesting strategy to prevent and treat neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, our focus is on the small metabolites with a mass below 1600 Da and we describe how neuroactive metabolites produced by the gut microbiota from dietary source are linked to key features of neuronal processes and dysfunction and risk of health outcomes thereafter (Table 1). Gut-derived metabolites: Biomarker or effector? Friend or foe?
Saliva diagnostics: emerging techniques and biomarkers for salivaomics in cancer detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Jieren Liu, Dongna Huang, Yuanzhe Cai, Zhihua Cao, Zhiyu Liu, Shuo Zhang, Lin Zhao, Xin Wang, Yuchuan Wang, Feijuan Huang, Zhengzhi Wu
Metabolome is the complete set of small molecular metabolites of living tissues including metabolic intermediates such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids, hormones, and other signaling molecules [65]. Salivary metabolites are important in elucidating the pathways underlying different diseases, thus making it ideal for the early detection of a wide range of diseases, including oral cancer and periodontal diseases [66]. Comprehensive metabolite analysis of saliva samples showed the combination of eight metabolites (leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, valine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glutamine and aspartic acid) that was able to discriminate healthy controls from pancreatic cancer subjects [17]. Many studies have confirmed that the analysis of salivary metabolites may be a clinically viable method for the diagnosis of oral cancer [67]. A combination of pipecolate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in saliva samples showed high potential to discriminate oral cancers from healthy controls [68]. A recent GC-MS-based metabolomics study identified salivary metabolites such as malic acid, maltose, protocatechuic acid, lactose, 2-ketoadipic, and catechol to be possible salivary biomarkers for OSCC [69].
Metabolomic analysis of acetaminophen induced subclinical liver injury
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Michael Ganetsky, Anders H. Berg, Joshua J. Solano, Steven D. Salhanick
There is little data regarding the cause or significance of this observed rise in AST/ALT. Also, little data on other metabolic effects of chronic, frequent APAP dosing exists. Metabolomic analysis could provide insight into the cellular mechanisms responsible for the AST/ALT rise. The metabolome is the quantitative set of all the low-molecular weight molecules present in a particular physiological state. Metabolomic analysis attempts to quantify all the metabolites of a cellular system typically using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry followed by advanced data analysis to identify signal [19]. Previous metabolomic analysis of healthy volunteers with daily acetaminophen dosing has shown that NAPQI detoxification products can be identified prior to the rise in ALT and can distinguish subjects who will develop this rise [5].