Metabolic Syndrome
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Metabolic syndrome is actually a group of risk factors that increases risks for diabetes mellitus, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. There must be at least three of the following metabolic risk factors in order for metabolic syndrome to be diagnosed: A larger than normal waist circumference, high triglyceride level, low HDL cholesterol level, hypertension, and high fasting blood sugar. The risk of having metabolic syndrome is closely linked to obesity and lack of physical activity, as well as insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome is becoming more common because of increased obesity rates. Conditions that play a role in the development of metabolic syndrome include fatty liver disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and respiratory conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea. Metabolic syndrome is treated with a combination of lifestyle improvements and medications.
Nutritional Strategies for Patients with Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett in Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic & Prediabetic Patient, 2006
Two factors appear to be intricately linked in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance and obesity. Multiple research studies have investigated the relationship between these two variables over the past decade. Key studies have demonstrated a positive curvilinear relationship between body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance, which begins to plateau at more severe levels of obesity [21]. A 5-year follow up from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) suggests that obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, precedes the development of other components of the metabolic syndrome [22]. In fact, the relationship between deteriorating glucose disposal and body fat is directly correlated with visceral adipose tissue [23,24]. Visceral adipose tissue refers to adipose tissue located within the abdominal cavity below abdominal muscles and comprised of omental and mesenteric adipose tissue, as well as adipose tissue of the retroperitoneal and perinephric regions. In addition to overall mass and distribution of fat, the size of adipocytes is a predictor of insulin resistance [25]. Visceral fat accumulation has also been shown to have a significant negative impact on glycemic control in patients with T2DM through decreased insulin sensitivity and an enhancement of gluconeogenesis [26].
Promoting the health of the medical profession: environmentalism and commercialism in medical education
Norman J. Temple, Andrew Thompson in Excessive Medical Spending, 2018
The escalating prevalence of obesity in adults and children has been called an epidemic.6 The metabolic syndrome incorporates dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity. This group of symptoms is poised to overtake cigarette smoking as the leading cause of heart disease in the USA.7 The primary treatment in battling the metabolic syndrome is weight loss, but people can benefit simply from increased physical activity or decreased caloric intake even in the absence of weight loss. Some benefit in cases of metabolic syndrome would also be generated by increasing fruit and vegetable intake, along with increasing the consumption of whole grains and low-fat dairy foods; however, certain aspects of the culture in the USA, notably portion size,8,9 food preference,6,10,11 and the sedentary nature of both work and leisure7,11,12 undermine these treatment options and represent a general hindrance to the practice of prevention and nutrition. When physicians make attempts at incorporating these concepts into practice, patient compliance is often difficult to achieve, and the fact that physicians have less and less time to devote to individual patients for encouraging lifestyle changes makes it more difficult still.
First victim, later aggressor: How the intestinal microbiota drives the pro-inflammatory effects of dietary emulsifiers?
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
Emilie Viennois, Benoit Chassaing
The intestinal microbiota is a vast and complex community of microorganisms that includes 1014 bacteria per intestine and about 1000 different species. Among its various functions, the gut microbiota is essential to promote maturation of the intestinal immune system, help digestion and favor calorie extraction. Besides its essential beneficial roles, the gut microbiota can also turn out to be detrimental and, if not well managed, lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)1 and metabolic syndrome.2 Inflammatory bowel diseases are severe, debilitating, and lead to a significantly increased risk to develop colon cancer that affects millions of people worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of obesity-related disorders (high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, abnormal triglyceride and cholesterol levels) that together, substantially increase the risk of developing type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular, and/or liver diseases.
Prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia among the adult general population of five Middle Eastern Countries: Results of the SNAPSHOT programme
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2022
Amr Noweir, Ashraf Abusamra, Abdelqader Al Zarooni, Murat Binbay, Adam Doble, Luqman Tariq, Fayaz Aziz, Abdelkader El Hasnaoui
Consistent with the published literature [15], the present study found that chronic conditions, associated with BPH included cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and renal diseases. Given the high incidence of obesity in the screening population, and the age of the subjects, the impact of cardiovascular disease is not unexpected, as obesity and older age both increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Given the frequent occurrence of these conditions in ageing men, a large proportion of patients can be expected have such an association. In addition, there is a large body of evidence supporting an association between metabolic syndrome, which comprises at least three of the five following features: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, impaired blood glucose or diabetes, elevated serum triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein, and LUTS [16]. There are numerous reports of an association between diabetes mellitus and BPH, specifically hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance [17]. Chronic kidney disease has also been shown to be associated with BPH [18].
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk; what the pharmacotherapy can change through the epigenetics
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Pavlina A. Andreeva–Gateva, Ivelina D. Mihaleva, Ivanka I. Dimova
Metabolic syndrome is a specific set of symptoms, which plays an essential role in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is a progressive phenotype that is characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or type 2 DM. Hyperinsulinemia is a significant characteristic of metabolic syndrome. It results from over secretion of insulin from pancreatic β-cells and is recognized as a primary contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunction [47]. Insulin resistance occurs at multiple levels in cells, from the cell surface to the nucleus. Concomitant pathology comprises increased glucose production from the liver, decreased incretin effects, increased glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells, increased lipolysis from adipocytes, increased glucose reabsorption from the kidney, and even hypothalamic insulin resistance. The role of catecholamines, vitamin D, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and testosterone are also intensively investigated [48].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Syndrome
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Hypertension
- Insulin Resistance
- Abdominal Obesity
- High-Density Lipoprotein
- Prediabetes