Environmental Exposures and Reproduction *
Michele Kiely in Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Drinking water contamination is an area generating increased interest and research (e.g., see References 27, 33, and 34). In addition to issues noted already, the source of the water (e.g., private well, public water system using ground water, surface water, etc.) affects the potential toxicants; e.g., chlorinated water supplies will contain chlorinated organics. In addition, the transit of water within the delivery system may add toxicants (e.g., radon and lead). Lead is a corrosion by-product from pipes and solder containing lead.46-47 Radon may come into the home with spring or well water, in addition to the radon which may be present in building materials or bedrock.48 Contaminants in the drinking water may result in elevated air levels of organics and radon following bathing showers.
Toxicology
Aruna Bakhru in Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Lead can be found in all parts of our environment—the air, the soil, the water, and even inside our homes. Much of our exposure comes from human activities, including the use of fossil fuels including past use of lead and lead compounds, which have been used in a wide variety of products found in and around our homes, including paint, ceramics, pipes and plumbing materials, solders, gasoline, batteries, ammunition, and cosmetics. Leaded gasoline, some types of industrial facilities, and past use of lead-based paint in homes. Lead paint was often used before 1978. The EPA is responsible for monitoring and regulating the non-workplace environment. OSHA is responsible for the workplace environment. OSHA was originally initiated due to the use of lead-based undercoat paint in the auto industry and was the first to protect the workers' compensation while recovering from lead poisoning by mandate.
Oxidation Numbers
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Use the given equation or write the correct balanced equation; then analyze the redox reaction using steps (1) through (4). Calcium metal reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide solid plus hydrogen gas.Lead metal reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid to form lead (IV) sulfate solid plus hydrogen gas.Iron metal reacts with oxygen gas to form iron (III) oxide.Acetylene gas (C2H2) burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide plus water.Iron metal reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to form aqueous iron (II) nitrate plus silver metal.
Occurrence, distribution, and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in the vicinity of Fe-ore mines: a global overview
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Mike A. Powell, Gabriel Caixeta Martins, Roberto Dall'Agnol, Gabriel Negreiros Salomão, Sunil Mittal, Paulo Rógenes Monteiro Pontes, José Tasso Felix Guimarães, Jose Oswaldo de Siqueira
Lead is one of the major contaminants associated with mining. High exposure to lead can result in problems of the kidney, liver, brain (cerebral edema); reproductive, cardiovascular and nervous systems; gastrointestinal, and neuromuscular disorders. Lead expose of children is one of the major causes of learning disabilities. The average levels (all sample types) of Pb reported in Slovenia + Bosonia and Herzegovina, Malaysia, and Nigeria Slovenia are between 100–1000 mg kg−1. The majority of the other countries, except Morocco (each <10 mg kg−1) have reported values between 10–100 mg kg−1 (Figure 3). The Pb concentrations in SL + OB ranged from 0.01–976 mg kg−1, followed by 2.6–188 mg kg−1 in TL and 0.15–67.4 mg kg−1 in SD. Of the total reviewed sites, around 20% exceed the world background SL levels and a few sites exceed the Brazilian prevention limit (CONAMA 2009). The highest concentrations were observed from Itakpe, Nigeria followed by Bukit Ibam, Malaysia, which exceed the target limit of 85 mg kg−1 established for SL remediation and CF of > 6 (high degree of contamination). The CF range from 0.01–34.37, 0.09–6.62, and 0.02–2.37 in SL + OB, SD, TL, respectively (Table 2), indicates uncontaminated to very highly contaminated sites).
Cabbage juice protect against lead-induced liver and kidney damage in male Wistar rat
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Jerome Ndudi Asiwe, Tolunigba Abisola Kolawole, Kenneth Kelechi Anachuna, Emmanuel Ikemefune Ebuwa, Bartholomew Chukwuebuka Nwogueze, Harrison Eruotor, Vincent Igbokwe
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal found in nature. It is abundant in lead car batteries, paints, ceramics, hair dye, water pipes, cosmetics, and corrosion and acid-resistant building materials. Lead poisoning occurs as a result of elevated levels of lead in dust and soils in residential areas near refineries, high-traffic areas, or smelters. D’Souza et al. (2011) found that eating fruits, grains, and vegetables grown in high-Lead soils can cause exposure. Lead is considered as one of the principal contaminants in the environment as a result of industrial activity and smokes released by cars and it is absorbed into the human system through food, drink, and the environment (Joworaski 1968, Piasek and Kostial 1987, Ghorbe et al.2001, Barbosa 2005). Even a modest amount of Lead produces alterations in the body’s functioning (Mahaffey 1991, Karri et al.2008). Proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and other cellular functions are all affected by lead. The accumulation of lead in the human body is thought to cause renal dysfunction, liver damage, pulmonary emphysema, and osteoporosis (El-Demerdash et al.2004). Lead toxicity affects a variety of organs, but recent research has shown that the kidney and liver are the most affected organs due to ingestion and/or inhalation exposure (Siu et al.2009).
Sources, symptoms and characteristics of childhood lead poisoning: experience from a lead specialty clinic in China
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Xiao-Lan Ying, Zhen-Yan Gao, Jin Yan, Meng Zhang, Ju Wang, Jian Xu, Morri Markowitz, Chong-Huai Yan
Childhood lead poisoning is a preventable environmental disease. Potential sources of lead exposure vary within and between countries. For example, lead-based paint was in widespread use in USA especially in the 1930s and 1940s. The US Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in 1971, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed by implementing lead limiting regulations, effective in 1978. Thus, houses built prior to 1978 may well have lead-based paint on interior and exterior surfaces. Similar limitations on permissible levels of lead in paint intended for household use were not instituted until 2001 in China, although some investigators believe that its use was not widespread prior to that time [5,6]. Thus, public health programs for lead poisoning prevention may need to be crafted specifically toward the main sources of exposure in each country.
Related Knowledge Centers
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