Implications of a single kidney for the young athlete
Roy J. Shephard in Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera, 2017
This chapter considers responses in the individual who has only a single kidney, looking at the advice that the clinician should offer to the young athlete with only one kidney. It aims to weigh conflicting opinions on the risks of renal injury associated with an active lifestyle and to suggest principles that should guide the clinical management of children with a single kidney. A person with two healthy kidneys usually has a substantial renal reserve, and normal function is quite well maintained even after nephrectomy. However, the functional margin is inevitably smaller for a person who begins with a single kidney, and the initial health of the kidney then becomes a significant issue. A solitary kidney also has a more than normal vulnerability to irreversible damage from heat stress, and the temperature limits that are set for prolonged bouts of endurance exercise should be observed particularly carefully in those with a single kidney.
Kidney Function and Uremia
Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy in Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
The human kidney performs a multitude of functions that includes: excretion of metabolic wastes; water and electrolyte balances and body fluid osmomolality; arterial pressure regulation; acid– base balance; hormonal secretion and balance; and gluconeogenesis. Along with effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), a parameter used to quantify the kidney's performance is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Two types of renal failures occur in humans: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The three main reasons for acute kidney injury (AKI) are: prerenal, postrenal and renal. The precursor to toxin buildup in the human body is kidney malfunction, and this clinical syndrome is referred to as uremia resembling systemic poisoning. The challenge in kidney failure and its related treatment lies in mimicking the continuous performance of the intelligent, natural organ with a discrete treatment using an artificial substitute. It is important to understand the types of uremic toxins causing specific side effects.
Personalized Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease
Nilanjana Maulik in Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
This chapter reviews the entity of the problem of Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) worldwide and its main characteristics. It discusses the main aims and challenges in the treatment of the three phase treatments of CKD: preserving the kidney function as the first goal of nutritional treatment in CKD; retarding dialysis as the aim of treatment in advanced stages of CKD; ensuring that the nutritional status of patients on dialysis is preserved and combining both after kidney transplantation. CKD is presently defined as every persistent (lasting for at least three months) alteration in renal function or structure, or in urine composition, regardless of kidney function. Renal functional reserve is also what makes possible living-donor kidney transplantation, aimed at guaranteeing a healthy life to the donor and ‘functionally healing’ the recipient. The close relationship between nutrition and dialysis is both obvious and complex. When CKD is the only disease a patient has, nutritional issues are focused on type and stage of CKD.
Kidney regeneration and resident stem cells
Published in Organogenesis, 2011
Given its complexity, high metabolic activity and excretory functions, the kidney is particularly susceptible to acute ischemic and toxin-mediated injury. Current therapies do not facilitate kidney regeneration, and there is an increasing interest in newer therapies that are based on cellular sources of kidney regeneration, such as stem cell therapy. Our understanding of cellular sources for kidney regeneration and stem cells present in the adult kidney has dramatically evolved over the recent years. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of kidney stem cells present in the adult mammalian kidney and their role in kidney regeneration. We have also summarized the best available evidence supporting the role of stem cells in kidney regeneration.
Kidney-related operations research: A review
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2019
Mahdi Fathi, Marzieh Khakifirooz
Operations research and optimization in healthcare and disease modeling have received significant attention in the last three decades. This article surveys several perspectives of operations research techniques in kidney disease, such as graph theory, queueing theory, Markov chain, and phase-type distribution (PTD). The kidney-related problems include kidney exchange problem, the modeling of kidney disease progression, kidney transplantation, and the complex relationship between chronic kidney disease (gradual loss of kidney function over time) and acute kidney injury (sudden episode of kidney failure in a few hours or a few days). Each section is summarized by some discussion regarding the limitation of proposed methods in the literature. Finally, the article is concluded by offering some research direction to fill in the gaps in the literature.
Automatic Detection of Renal Abnormalities by Off-the-shelf CNN Features
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2019
ABSTRACT The chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease are the leading causes of kidney (renal) failure which may be fatal. Thus, it is important to diagnose the kidney diseases at an earlier stage before it cause fatality. This paper proposes an algorithm for automatic kidney abnormalities detection and classification at an early stage. Kidney abnormalities detection involves two stages: feature extraction and detection. The input images used in this work are kidney ultrasound (US) images which are classified into three categories such as normal kidney, kidney with cyst and kidney with stone. The pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNN) is used to extract features from the kidney US images then, the extracted features from CNN are fed into the support vector machine (SVM) classifier for classifying the kidney abnormalities. The training and testing phase of CNN requires large number of labelled images. Due to unavailability of larger datasets in the kidney US images, off-the-shelf CNN features are used which perform well for smaller datasets. Performance evaluation is done for classification and 91.8% of the accuracy is obtained. Further, the sensitivity and specificity achieved for the SVM classifier in detecting normal kidney images is 93.75% and 92.5%, respectively.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blood Pressure
- Blood
- Urinary System
- Homeostasis
- Organ
- Acid–Base Homeostasis
- Electrolyte