Diabetes
Sally Robinson in Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
In response to a high blood glucose level, the pancreas produces more insulin. Hyperinsulinemia means an abnormally high level of insulin in the blood. It is often caused by insulin resistance, but not always. Symptoms of hyperinsulinemia may include weight gainintense hungercravings for sugarfeeling frequently hungrydifficulty concentratingfatiguepoor concentration
Approach to the Overweight and Obese Patient
David Heber, Zhaoping Li in Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was classically characterized by obesity, hirsutism, and infertility. It has been attributed to compensatory hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance. Elevated insulin levels have been thought to promote hyperandrogenism. However, physiological insulin infusion has no effect on androgen levels in PCOS (Gonzalez 2015). The cause of hyperandrogenism and ovarian dysfunction in the 30–50% of women with PCOS who are of normal weight and lack insulin resistance remains unexplained. Inflammation may also play a role in insulin resistance when present in PCOS, and visceral fat may not have been detected in those studies of PCOS where BMI is the sole measure of obesity utilized. Inflammation in PCOS is likely the result of excess abdominal adiposity.
Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
E.I. Sokolov in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
According to modern concepts, insulin acts physiologically on biochemical processes by means of receptors, which are sections of a cell membrane with a genetically caused molecular structural affinity for insulin. Morphologically, they are integral components of the cell membranes. The insulin receptors in various organs and tissues have a universal structure. The striking similarity of the insulin receptors in cells of adipose tissue, muscles, and the liver is noted. It is very interesting that a physical load affects the number of insulin receptors of erythrocytes and other cells. Similar changes probably occur in the cells of the muscle tissue, and in this connection the oxidation of glucose is enhanced in veloergometry. It was noted in experiments with animals that in genetically caused obesity with the presence of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, the number of insulin receptors in the myocardium muscle, liver, and adipose tissue diminishes. Similar changes are noted in patients with obesity and hyperinsulinemia. It was proved that the concentration of the receptors in the lipocytes and erythrocytes lowers in them [110, 133, 132, 141, 205, 280, 289].
Effect of Dietary Insulinemia on All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Results From a Cohort Study
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Mohsen Mazidi, Niki Katsiki, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Maciej Banach
The reasons for the possible link between cancer mortality and hyperinsulinemia are still unclear; however, hyperinsulinemia might play a role in tumor initiation and progression (67), among others, through not only direct mitogenic effects but also the indirect effect of increased circulating levels of bioavailable insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) (67,68). IGF‐1 has mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects, which can promote cancer proliferation, and some available studies have suggested that higher IGF‐1 levels may be associated with an increased risk of cancer and cancer mortality (67,68). Mechanisms underlying hyperinsulinemia and the development of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality are considered to be through the direct atherogenic action of insulin on vessel wall (69) and/or indirect through obesity, blood pressure, lipids, and metabolic homeostasis (69). Hyperinsulinemia is the core metabolic abnormality in metabolic syndrome, a predictor of all-cause mortality (69). All above-mentioned diseases contribute to the risk of premature mortality.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk; what the pharmacotherapy can change through the epigenetics
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Pavlina A. Andreeva–Gateva, Ivelina D. Mihaleva, Ivanka I. Dimova
Metabolic syndrome is a specific set of symptoms, which plays an essential role in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is a progressive phenotype that is characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or type 2 DM. Hyperinsulinemia is a significant characteristic of metabolic syndrome. It results from over secretion of insulin from pancreatic β-cells and is recognized as a primary contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunction [47]. Insulin resistance occurs at multiple levels in cells, from the cell surface to the nucleus. Concomitant pathology comprises increased glucose production from the liver, decreased incretin effects, increased glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells, increased lipolysis from adipocytes, increased glucose reabsorption from the kidney, and even hypothalamic insulin resistance. The role of catecholamines, vitamin D, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and testosterone are also intensively investigated [48].
Prevalence and related factors of hyperuricaemia in Chinese children and adolescents: a pooled analysis of 11 population-based studies
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Jiahuan Rao, Peiyu Ye, Jie Lu, Bi Chen, Nan Li, Huiying Zhang, Hui Bo, Xinchun Chen, Huiting Liu, Chunhong Zhang, Hua Wei, Qin Wu, Yinkun Yan, Changgui Li, Jie Mi
Consistent with previous findings, our study found that obesity was associated with increased risk of hyperuricaemia in children and adolescents. Previous studies have reported that the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 17.1% in 2010 to 22.5% in 2014 [34]. In addition, the prevalence of obesity in children in the north is significantly higher than that in the south [35], and similar results were found in our study (23.3% in the north vs. 11.7% in the south) (Supplemental Table 5). The regional difference in obesity prevalence may partly explain the finding that hyperuricaemia was more prevalent in North. Obesity is thought to be the cause of hyperinsulinemia, and the physiological mechanisms mainly involve dysregulation of lipid, insulin resistance, inflammation and adipokines imbalance [36–38]. Therefore, maintaining the ideal weight or guiding obese children to lose weight is conducive to reduce the risk of hyperuricaemia.