Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Mark C Houston in The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
A fasting blood sugar (FBS) of >75 mg/dL increases CHD by 1% for each 1 mg/dL increase in FBS and induces endothelial dysfunction. The current upper limit of blood sugar by most labs is 100 mg/dL which is too high. A two-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) >110 mg/dL increases CHD by 2% for each 1 mg/dL >110 mg/dL. The current definition of an abnormal two-hour GTT is >140 mg/dL, which is too high and not accurate. High levels of blood insulin (hyperinsulinemia) are an independent risk factor for CHD. Calculating a Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score will provide additional insight into the clinical presence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Multiplying the FBS by the fasting insulin level and dividing by 405 will give an excellent estimate of insulin resistance by the HOMA-IR. A normal HOMA-IR is <1.0, mild insulin resistance is 1.0–2.0, and diabetes mellitus is over 2.0. Diabetes mellitus is defined as three FBS in three separate blood samples over 125 mg/dL and a hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) over 7%. The HbA1C is composed of the post-meal blood glucose (2/3) and fasting glucose (1/3). In men and women without DM between 50 and 75 years of age, HbA1C is an independent risk for CHD as a continuous variable starting with HbA1C as low as 5.1%. For each increase of HbA1C of 1% the risk for CHD increases by 40% in men and 240% in women.
Advanced Glycation End Products—A Special Hazard in Diabetes
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity index were calculated. Dietary and urinary AGE concentrations were evaluated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to estimate AGE intake and excretion. The Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a method for assessing β-cell function and insulin resistance from basal (fasting) glucose and insulin or C-peptide concentrations.
Nutritional Considerations for Cardiometabolic Health in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity
Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss in Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Insulin resistance is a state in which a given concentration of insulin is associated with subnormal glucose response. This can be assessed using a homeostatic model assessment, which is a method used to quantify insulin resistance and beta cell function. A Homeostatic Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance ≥ 3.99 is an indicator for abnormal glucose regulation (Turchiano et al. 2012).
Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. Ex Jacq.) S. Moore improves pancreatic histology, insulin secretion, liver and kidney functions and ameliorates oxidative stress in fructose-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Olajumoke A. Oyebode, Ochuko L. Erukainure, Olakunle Sanni, Md.Shahidul Islam
Maintaining glucose homeostasis is very important in T2D in order to reduce any risk of micro or macro-vascular complications (Chawla et al. 2016). Treatment with CRAQ showed promising improvement in glucose tolerance abilities of the plant (Figure 2(b)) especially at the high dose of 300 mg/kg bw. This activity might be due to lower insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion that would induce glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues. In addition, the high dose of the extract reduced HOMA-IR index (for insulin resistance), and also improved the HOMA-β (for β-cell function) score (Table 3 and Figure 3). Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a technique used for estimating insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting blood glucose levels and insulin concentration (Wallace et al. 2004). Plants that reduce HOMA-IR scores have been reported to contain potent antidiabetic activities (Vianna et al. 2011). The reduced fructosamine level in the CRAQ-treated groups also portrays an antidiabetic effect of the extract (Table 3). Fructosamine is a marker of glucose control showing average serum glycaemic level, in some cases it is regarded as more efficient in detecting early response to treatment (Nansseu et al. 2015).
Comparative study on the effects of apple peel polyphenols and apple flesh polyphenols on cardiovascular risk factors in mice
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2018
Jia Tian, Xiaoyan Wu, Moyang Zhang, Zhongyi Zhou, Yingfeng Liu
The serum glucose and insulin concentrations in mice given apple polyphenolic extracts are presented in Figure 4. HFHF diet significantly raised the serum glucose and insulin levels. However, PAF and PAP interventions caused evident falls in the serum glucose level from 8.94 ± 1.65 mmol/L of the model group to 7.04 ± 1.44 mmol/L (p < 0.05) and 6.57 ± 1.25 mmol/L (p < 0.05), respectively. Similarly, the insulin level was declined to 5.37 ± 0.87 μU/mL (p > 0.05) in the PAF group and 5.36 ± 0.69 μU/mL (p > 0.05) in the PAP group, in contrast to the model group (5.75 ± 0.81 μU/mL). To quantify the insulin sensitivity, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was employed. The HOMA-IR index was tremendously decreased from 1.21 ± 0.31 for the model group to 1.06 ± 0.22 (p < 0.05) for the PAF group and 0.95 ± 0.18 (p < 0.01) for the PAP group (Figure 4).
The interaction between dietary Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC) with variants of Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) 18q21.23-rs17782313 locus on hypothalamic hormones and cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese individuals from Iran
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Mohaddeseh Mohammadi, Mahdieh Khodarahmi, Houman Kahroba, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Mahdi Vajdi
Blood samples were collected from 07:30 to 09.00 h, after a 12-h of fasting overnight, serum and plasma were separated using centrifugation (10 min at 4500 rpm, 4°C) and then frozen at −80°C until ready for analysis. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting serum glucose (FSG) concentrations were measured using enzymatic colorimetric technique (Pars Azmoon commercial kit, Tehran, Iran) and Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) was measured by Friedewald equation [42]. Plasma α- MSH and AgRP concentrations were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) kits (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Shanghai Korean Biotech, Shanghai City, China) based on manufacture’s protocol. The sensitivity of this assay for α-MSH and AgRP was 5.07 ng/L and 1.03 pg/ml, respectively. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) was computed according to the following formula: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (μ IU/ml) × fasting glucose (mmole/L)/22.5 [43].
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