A Review of Classic Physiological Systems
Len Wisneski in The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
The pancreas is an organ that has both exocrine and endocrine capabilities. The exocrine portion produces digestive enzymes. The endocrine portion involves the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Insulin is important for metabolism and regulates glucose by lowering it. If there is more glucose than can be used by the body, it is converted by insulin to glycogen. Glycogen resides in the liver and muscle cells. Insulin facilitates storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue. Glucagon, like insulin, is important for metabolism and regulates blood glucose by raising it. A normal blood glucose level is essential, as it is the energy source for the entire nervous system. Somatostatin helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism and inhibits the release of numerous hormones, including insulin.
Standards of Care in Diabetes
Jack L. Leahy, Nathaniel G. Clark, William T. Cefalu in Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus, 2000
One important aspect of the new diagnostic criteria was the inclusion of revised criteria for the diagnosis of "impaired glucose tolerance." It is believed that most patients who go on to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, go through the stage of impaired glucose tolerance during which plasma glucose levels are significantly higher than they are in any person with fiully normal glucose tolerance, but yet they are not high enough to make the diagnosis of diabetes. Criteria for impaired glucose tolerance were specified using either the fasting plasma glucose or the 2-h value from a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Using the fasting plasma glucose level, if the value was less than 110 mg/dL this was considered to be a normal fasting glucose level. If the level was 110-125 this would constitute impaired fasting glucose. If the fasting plasma glucose was 126 mg/dL or higher, this would support the diagnosis of diabetes. When using the 2-h postload glucose level from an OGTT, if the value was less than 140 mg/dL this was considered to be normal glucose tolerance. If the value was 140 mg/dL or higher, but less than 200, this constituted impaired glucose tolerance. If the value was 200 or higher, this supported the diagnosis of diabetes. Specific recommendations for screening for diabetes using these new criteria were also included.
Inflammatory Biomarkers: An Important Tool for Herbal Drug Discovery
Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi in Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Symptoms for diabetic conditions may include: High level of blood sugar level;Unusual thirst;Frequent urination;Loss of weight and extreme hunger;Blurred vision;Extreme weakness and tiredness;Irritability, mood changes.
High-fat diet effects on the prostatic adenocarcinoma model and jaboticaba peel extract intake: protective response in metabolic disorders and liver histopathology
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Ellen Nogueira-Lima, Celina de Almeida Lamas, Andressa Mara Baseggio, Jéssica Stephany Fernandes do Vale, Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior, Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
The ITT and GTT were measured with 4- and 12-h-fasted mice, respectively (modified from Ref. (31). Blood glucose levels were obtained by caudal incision and the glucose measurements were performed using a glucometer (BreezeTM – Bayer®). Before insulin or glucose administration, the blood glucose level was measured. Then, mice received intraperitoneal insulin (0.05 U/kg) or glucose (1.5 g/kg) by gavage and the blood glucose levels were verified at 10, 15, 30 and 60 min periods (ITT test) or 10, 30, 60 and 90 min periods (GTT test) (modified from Ref. (31). The ITT and GTT results were expressed considering the area under the curve (AUC) in the glucose concentration vs. the time graph. The plasma fasting glucose levels were performed in 12-h-fasted mice using a kit from Wiener Lab (Glycemic enzimatic AA, Rosario, Argentina) following the manufacturer’s instructions and the results were expressed as mg/dL.
Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein on retina photoreceptors cells primary culture and olive leaf extract and oleuropein inhibitory effects on aldose reductase in a diabetic model: Meriones shawi
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Maha Benlarbi, Hedya Jemai, Khouloud Hajri, Sihem Mbarek, Emna Amri, Mariem Jebbari, Imane Hammoun, Basma Baccouche, Nourhène Boudhrioua Mihoubi, Ayachi Zemmal, Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir, Wissal Dhifi
In fact, AR which is a NADPH-dependent enzyme converts 3% glucose into sorbitol under normal physiological conditions. Its activity becomes important when the blood glucose level increases. In vitro, it converts glyceraldehyde to glycerol with an equimolar oxidation of NADPH. Our results were consistent with those of Travis et al. (1971), who reported that an activation of the polyol pathway was noticed when intracellular glucose levels increase. Indeed, the incubation of erythrocytes with 50 mM glucose increased the contents of two main metabolites generated by this pathway: sorbitol and fructose. In addition, our results were also in agreement with those of Reddy et al. (2008) according to them, AR in erythrocyte fraction was significantly elevated in patients with DR not only compared to non-diabetic animals but also to diabetic ones without developing DR. Moreover, the same authors reported an AR activity at early disease stages and not only in its advanced ones.
Preliminary evidence of insulin resistance in young adults with impaired sleep
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Ashley Helvig Coombe, Matthew J. Hayat, Melissa Spezia Faulkner, Ann E. Rogers, Jiwon Lee, Patricia C. Clark
Insulin resistance was calculated from measured glucose and insulin values from fasting plasma samples (fasted for the prior 8 hours) obtained via venipuncture using aseptic technique. All analyses were performed on the Beckman AU480 chemistry analyzer (Beckman Diagnostics, Fullerton, CA). Glucose was determined by enzymatic method, and insulin was determined by immunoturbidometric method using reagents and calibrators from Sekisui Diagnostics (www.sekisuidiagnostics.com, Lexington, MA). A normal fasting glucose level is < 100 mg/dL and normal fasting insulin levels are < 25 microIU/mL.28,29 These two values were used to calculate the HOMA-IR level using the following formula: (blood glucose mg/dL X insulin microIU/mL)/405.30 Higher values indicate insulin resistance. We used a cutoff score for HOMA-IR of 2.1 based on the literature in non-diabetics.31 Those with a score of ≥ 2.1 were classified as insulin resistant, and those with HOMA-IR < 2.1 were classified as non-insulin resistant.