Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Fred W Wright in Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever due to Epstein-Barr virus - Illus. GLANDULAR FEVER) is a disease which mainly affects young adults, typically presenting with malaise, fever, sore-throat, head-ache and cervical lymphadenopathy. It may give rise to patchy unilateral or bilateral lung infiltrates, particularly at the lung bases. Lymph nodes may become enlarged in the hilar areas or mediastinum, and the author has seen one case in which the nodes became so large as to cause left sided innominate vein compression and thrombosis, leading to pulmonary emboli (Illus. GLANDULAR FEVER, Subclav vein Pt. 6a-c). The spleen is not uncommonly enlarged (deforming or displacing the stomach gas bubble on chest radiographs); it may occasionally become very large, and be very active on an isotope scan (Ilus. GLANDULAR FEVER, Spleen Pt. 17). The virus appears to selectively infect B lymphocytes which may proliferate in lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with immune deficiencies (congenital or acquired), post-transplant patients, etc. (see also p. 11.17). This may lead to a whole range of lymphoproliferative conditions from hyperplasia (with small lung nodules - see p. 13.4 - 5 and under AIDS below), LIP (p. 19.119), to frank lymphomas. It may also be the 'trigger' for neoplasm in some patients with AIDS (p. 19.33) and may also act as a trigger in Burkitt's lymphoma (p. 19.34), fibrosing alveolitis (p. 19.118) and for autoimmune hepatitis (see refs, below).
The Many Faces of Neoplasia
Jeremy R. Jass in Understanding Pathology, 2020
Columnar epithelium lines the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small intestine and large intestine) as well as the lung. The gut serves to absorb nutrients but also secretes mucus and digestive enzymes. Tissues that secrete are described as glandular and a simple gland is shaped like a microscopic flask or test tube and is lined by columnar or cuboidal epithelium. The secretions pass into the central space or lumen of the gland and then pour into the gut cavity. Carcinomas arising in such glandular tissues are called adenocarcinomas, and are recognised by the presence of gland-like structures which secrete mucus. Cystic spaces with mucoid contents may be apparent on gross inspection of the cut surface. Adenocarcinomas also arise from solid (as opposed to tube-like) organs that are essentially glandular in structure. Examples are the prostate, pancreas, breast and endocrine glands. Adenocarcinomas are graded as well, moderately and poorly differentiated on the basis of gland formation (Fig. 28).
The gastrointestinal system
C. Simon Herrington in Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The stomach is a roughly J-shaped dilatation of the gut, functioning as a reservoir of ingested food and controlling the release of manageable quantities into the duodenum, which has a much smaller capacity. The process of digestion is also begun in the stomach with the secretion of acid and pepsinogen. The so-called ‘intrinsic factor’ required for vitamin B12 absorption is also produced by the gastric epithelium. Both macroscopically and histologically the stomach is divided into three regions: first, the cardia is an ill-defined region lying just below the oesophagogastric junction; the mucosal crypts are relatively simple and contain mainly mucin-secreting cells; second, the body or fundic mucosa occupies most of the gastric lining, extending distally to the incisura angularis. It is in the body region that large numbers of acid-secreting parietal (or oxyntic) cells and pepsinogen-producing chief cells are located. The third major region, the antrum, extends from the incisura to the pylorus, where there is a well-defined muscular sphincter. Mucosal crypts are shorter and less densely packed in the antrum. Parietal cells are still present, but chief cells are rare in this region. Gastrin-secreting G-cells are identified in pyloric crypts. Small numbers of neuroendocrine cells may be seen throughout the stomach. The microscopic features of a gastric gland are summarized in Figure 10.22.
Histotyping and grading of endometriosis and its association with clinico-pathological parameters
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Jyothika Litson, Rini Agnes, Gayatri Ravikumar
The histopathological features studied include the quantity of endometriotic foci, components, phasing of the endometriotic foci, and stromal features.Quantity of endometriotic foci (severity): Assessed on the entire tissue examined and graded based on the extent occupied in low power field (LP) as (i) mild (one LP field), (ii) moderate (2–3 LP fields) and (iii) severe (>3 LP fields).The components in the endometriotic foci: classified as (i) pure glandular (when only glands were present without stroma), (ii) pure stromal (only stroma was present without glands), and (iii) mixed stromal and glandular (both gland and stroma were present). The type of gland seen was also classified as endometrial type (well-differentiated glands), undifferentiated type (when glandular component resembled other mesothelial types), and glandular pattern of mixed differentiation (both endometrial and undifferentiated glands present). The presence and absence of haemorrhage and hemosiderin was recorded.Phasing of the endometriotic foci: inactive, proliferative, or secretory, similar to that of eutopic endometrium. The presence of atypia was noted.Stromal features: Presence of oedema, fibrosis, and inflammation was noted.
Recurrent respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma of the nasal cavity
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Dhananjay Kumar, K. K. Handa, Aru Handa, Poonam Gautam
A hamartoma is a benign malformation or congenital error of tissue development and is indigenous to a specific part of the body. The term was first used by Albrecht in 1904. It is common in the lung, kidney, liver, spleen, and intestine but rare in the head and neck region, particularly the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) is the most common hamartoma of the sinonasal tract, first recognized by Wenig and Heffner in 1995. It is defined as a tumor originating from the surface epithelium with excessive proliferation of glandular elements but not originating from the seromucinous gland. The usual age of occurrence is the third to ninth decade, and the male-to-female ratio is 3:2. Most REAHs are unilateral and occur in the posterior nasal septum; less commonly they arise in the middle meatus, lateral nasal wall, ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus, inferior turbinate, and nasopharynx.1 The clinical presentation includes nasal obstruction, congestion, epistaxis, rhinorrhea, chronic sinusitis, facial pain, headache, and olfactory dysfunction. REAH can be misdiagnosed as inverted papilloma or well-differentiated adenocarcinoma clinically as well as histopathologically. Thus, it is important to make the correct diagnosis, as complete excision through a conservative approach is the treatment of choice for REAH.2
Letrozole promotes the expression of integrin αvβ3 and HOXA10 in endometrium of endometriosis
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Jing Zhang, Lihui Wang, Chunyan Li, Hui Zhang, Rui Li, Mingjiang Li
The experimental and control groups are outlined in Table 1. As shown in Figure 1A, a trimmed segment of endometrial tissue was sutured to the inner side of the abdominal wall. We noted that an ectopic mass in the abdominal wall adhered to the surrounding connective tissues, and neovascularization developed in the surface of the mass (Figure 1B, C), which showed that a model of endometriosis was established. The cyst was 5–10 mm in diameter and contained a clear or purplish-red fluid. Figure 1D shows the vaginal plug, which is an important marker of the endometrium entering the window of implantation (WOI). Hematoxylin-eosin staining analysis, showed the growth of glands in the ectopic mass (Figure 1E, F), modeling endometriosis. The glandular epithelial cells were columnar or cubic, and inflammatory cells and secretions existed in some glandular lumen.
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