Neuroendocrine Factors
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
The primary effects of the estrogens include (29, 108, 148, 163): Feminization patterns in girls at puberty, which includes directly stimulating the growth and development of the primary and secondary sex tissues.Retention of salts, water, and nitrogen and have weak protein anabolic properties. Estrogens also promote bone mineral incorporation and increased bone strength.Modification of blood lipid profiles, resulting in lower total cholesterol and higher HDL2 cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Additionally, normal physiological concentrations of estrogens appear to produce beneficial effects for glucose tolerance.Metabolic effects include increased lipolysis in muscle and fat tissue and decreased rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Estrogen effects on gluconeogenesis are partially related to its stimulation of an increased insulin-to-glucagon ratio (I:G).
Endocrine Therapies
David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz in Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Estrogen (17β-estradiol) has effects on the growth and function of reproductive tissues and also preserves bone mineral density, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis and protecting the cardiovascular system by reducing cholesterol levels (Figure 8.1). Estrogens act as promoters, rather than initiators, of breast tumor development, and can also facilitate tumor invasiveness by stimulating the production of proteases which can degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate metastases. Schematic diagram of the biosynthesis of the four major steroid families (i.e., the mineralocorticoids, estrogens, progestagens, and androgens) from acetate and cholesterol. The first three are primarily involved in physiological processes relating to sexual development and reproduction, whereas the mineralocorticoids are mainly involved with the retention and balance of water and minerals in the body.
Hormone Receptors and Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Sherry X. Yang, Janet E. Dancey in Handbook of Therapeutic Biomarkers in Cancer, 2021
The selection of appropriate endocrine therapy depends on the disease state—early versus recurrent or metastatic, and patient hormonal status—premenopausal versus postmenopausal. In premenopausal women, most estrogen is produced in the ovaries in response to pituitary-derived luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. In postmenopausal women, estrogen is produced mainly in peripheral tissues by aromatase conversion of androstenedione and testosterone produced in the adrenal gland. The inhibition of peripheral conversion of estrogen precursors to estrogen in premenopausal patients may lead to a reduced feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus and pituitary axis and, consequently, stimulation of ovarian estrogen production [41]. Because of this concern, use of AIs should be avoided in premenopausal women with functional ovaries.
The role of microbiota in the management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause
Published in Climacteric, 2023
G. Stabile, G. A. Topouzova, F. De Seta
Nowadays, it is estimated that about 1.5 million women are reaching menopause every year and approximately 25–50% of this population report symptoms such as vaginal dryness, atrophy, urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction that are associated with a poor quality of life [1,2]. This syndrome was previously called vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), but in 2014 this was replaced with the more inclusive term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) [3]. A good knowledge of postmenopausal physiology represents the basis for realization of effective therapies that can relieve painful symptomatology occurring in this period of life. Appropriate management of GSM and VVA is strongly related in reducing the considerable socioeconomic burden of these disorders. The symptoms are not due simply to lack of estrogen, but other mechanistic pathways may be involved. One possible contributing cause of symptoms is the vaginal microbiota. The vaginal microbiota is a dynamic entity and plays a critical role in the pathogenic interplay of postmenopausal changes [4]. Understanding how estrogens influence vaginal milieu and which modifications occur in vaginal microbiota and mucosal immunity in postmenopause is decisive to ensure appropriate management of GSM and VVA. At present, there are an increasing number of articles on the relationship between estrogen, vaginal flora and the capacity of microbiota in promoting a healthy vagina [5]. A better knowledge in this field could prevent administration of ineffective therapies and will give the possibility of managing menopausal symptoms by vaginal microbiota modulation.
The Relationship Between Vitamin-D Deficiency and Protein Oxidation Among Obese Children
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Ilknur Surucu Kara, Cuma Mertoglu, Gülsah Siranli, Yusuf Kemal Arslan, Gamze Gok, Ozcan Erel
Wiecek et al. [35], showed in their study that while oxidant levels increased significantly in men after exercise, there was no significant increase in the antioxidant level. Women had a milder oxidant change compared to men and this was related to a significant increase in antioxidant levels in women than men due to estradiol. Studies have revealed that estrogen reduces oxidant stress by providing oxidant-antioxidant balance [35, 36]. In our study, in normal-weight, and in obese patients, oxidative parameters were higher and antioxidant parameters were lower in boys than in girls. When the girls were evaluated within themselves, oxidant parameters were higher in obese and pre-obese than in normal weight. However, antioxidant factors (native thiol and total thiol) were lower in pre-obese girls than in obese girls, normal-weight girls, and pre-obese boys. Oxidant factors were higher in pre-obese boys than pre-obese girls. None of these were statistically significant (Table 4). Unfortunately, we could not evaluate whether estrogen level is effective in thiol-disulfide homeostasis in children. Estrogen level wasn’t checked.
Premature ovarian insufficiency: a toolkit for the primary care physician
Published in Climacteric, 2021
I. Lambrinoudaki, S. A. Paschou, M. A. Lumsden, S. Faubion, E. Makrakis, S. Kalantaridou, N. Panay
Estrogen deficiency symptoms may or may not be present and can vary immensely in frequency, type and severity. The symptoms may be intermittent due to erratic release of ovarian hormones. The classic symptoms of menopause are the vasomotor symptoms, typically hot flushes and night sweats, vulvovaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness and dyspareunia, but other frequent attributed symptoms include insomnia, mood disturbances, cognitive problems, e.g. memory issues, tiredness, loss of libido and weight gain2. The presentation may also be with sub-fertility due to the reduction in ovarian reserve associated with POI. Nulliparity and low parity are therefore associated with POI. Symptoms may be more severe in POI than natural menopause, particularly in the case of iatrogenic POI due to the rapid loss of ovarian hormones and fertility; this can have profound psychosocial and psychosexual effects1,2.
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