Prolactin and Non-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions of the Prostate: On Clinical Problems
Nagasawa Hiroshi in Prolactin and Lesions in Breast, Uterus, and Prostate, 2020
In the human prostate the microsomal β protein meets the requirements for a cell membrane-bound androgen carrier system. It also has the competence to regulate with androgen the secretory, metabolic, and proliferative activities of the cell through its androgen-re-sponsive Na,K-ATPase activity55 (Figure 6). Metabolic pace can be set by the rate of the hydrolysis of ATP by the ATPase since this determines the energy charge56 (energy charge = (ATP) + 1/2 (ADP)/(ATP) + (ADP) + (AMP)) of the cell. Respiratory and glycolytic rates are directly proportional to ADP concentration and inversely proportional to ATP concentration. The velocity of pumping of sodium is probably coupled to the rate of secretory export of citrate.55 The resultant effects on membrane potential (the asymmetric distribution of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane) have a strong influence on the status of the cell cycle and mitosis.57 In addition, a sodium-proton exchanger is coupled to the sodium pump: by extruding H+, the cytoplasm is made alkaline (Figure 7). This stimulates DNA synthesis.58,59 Androgen also stimulates adenyl cyclase.60,61
Metabolic Cardiology
Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston in Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
The energy-starved heart is often not considered by physicians who treat cardiac disease on a day-to-day basis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor II blockers improve survival in ischemic and nonischemic heart failure and should be considered as a conventional approach in any patient with heart failure. However, therapies that target the cardiomyocyte itself must also be employed11 as it has been shown that the function of cardiomyocytes in the failing heart, although metabolically compromised, can be potentially improved and restored.11 Therapies that go beyond symptomatic relief (diuretics), and the neurohormonal axis, must also be considered that target the cellular, mitochondrial, and metabolic defects. Metabolic support with D-ribose, coenzyme Q10, l-carnitine, and magnesium is critical for the maintenance of contractile reserve and energy charge in minimally oxidative ischemic or hypoxic hearts. Preservation of cellular energy charge provides the chemical driving force required to complete ATPase reactions needed to maintain cell and tissue viability and function. D-ribose, coenzyme Q10,l-carnitine, and magnesium exert a physiological benefit that has a positive impact on cardiac function.
Pharmacological Modification of a Cerebroplegia Solution
Richard A. Jonas, Jane W. Newburger, Joseph J. Volpe, John W. Kirklin in Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 2019
Usui et al.27 and a number of other Japanese groups have published extensively regarding retrograde cerebral perfusion. Usui et al. measured cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and CSF pressure in dogs during retrograde cerebral perfusion. They found that CSF pressure remained lower than 25 mmHg so long as external jugular pressure remained lower than 25 mmHg. High external jugular pressure was associated with high intracranial pressure, which restricts cerebral blood flow and may cause brain edema. Usui et al. concluded that a venous pressure of 25 mmHg is the optimum pressure for retrograde cerebral perfusion. Nojima et al.28 found in a similar study that a perfusion pressure of 20 mmHg resulted in satisfactory oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production with no excess lactate. ATP and energy charge were significantly higher than with circulatory arrest alone. Perfusion at a pressure of 32 mmHg resulted in a significant increase in brain tissue water. It should be noted that it was necessary to cannulate both the right and left maxillary veins in these dogs because there is no internal jugular vein draining the brain as in the human. In addition there are many competent venous valves in the maxillary/external jugular venous system.
Nicotinamide extrudates as novel anti-aging and collagen promoting platform: a comparative cosmeceutical study versus the gel form
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Abdullah Alyoussef, Maha Nasr, Rania F. Ahmed, Omar A. H. Ahmed Farid, Rofanda Bakeer, Hrushikesh Karandikar, Anant Paradkar
After homogenization in phosphate buffer and separation of the supernatant, 20 ul samples were used for the separation of tissue adenosine tri, di and monophosphate (ATP, ADP and AMP) with an Agilent HP 1200 series HPLC apparatus (USA) as described above. The analytical column was Ultrasphere ODS EC 250 × 4.6 mm column. Mobile phase A consisted of 0.06 mol/l K2HPO4 and 0.04 mol/l KH2PO4 dissolved in deionized water and adjusted to pH 7.0 with 0.1 mol/l KOH, while mobile phase B consisted of 100% acetonitrile. Flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.2 ml/min. ATP, ADP and AMP in the samples were identified by comparison with purchased standards. The report and chromatograms were taken from chemstation program at wave length 254 nm. The total adenylate energy charge (AEC) was calculated according to the equation (Atkinson and Walton 1967; Teerlink et al. 1993; Liu et al. 2006):
Reproductive senescence and energetic metabolism of human luteinized granulosa cells: is it all about ATP? A prospective cohort and critical view
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Gustavo N. Cecchino, Alberto Pacheco, Juan A. García-Velasco
Cellular bioenergetics comprises complex biochemical and biophysical processes [33–35]. As proposed by Atkinson et al. [36], the energy charge accounts for AMP, ADP and ATP concentrations, and accurately reflects the energy status of cells. Normally, the turnover time of the intracellular ATP pool is of the order of a few seconds and the energy charge is maintained with a value that comes close to 0.9, despite oscillations in adenine nucleotide concentrations [37]. Studies on metabolic stress have shown that, unless energy stress is severe, cellular ATP levels remain fairly constant. However, a minimal drop in ATP concentration is accompanied by a significant increase in both ADP and AMP levels [33]. As AMP concentration is usually quite low and technically difficult to assess, the ADP/ATP ratio is considered the most relevant parameter to determine the energy status of a living cell [33–35].
Effects of tannic acid in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease: insights into memory, redox status, Na+, K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activity
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Mariana F. B. Gerzson, Simone M. Pacheco, Mayara S. P. Soares, Natália P. Bona, Pathise S. Oliveira, Juliana H. Azambuja, Pauline da Costa, Jessié M. Gutierres, Fabiano B. Carvalho, Vera M. Morsch, Roselia M. Spanevello, Francieli M. Stefanello
In this study we demonstrated that TA was effective in preventing SDAT in an icv-STZ model. TA prevents memory deficits, changes in AChE and NKA activities, and oxidative stress induced by STZ, which are symptoms associated with SAD. The icv-STZ (Salkovic-Petrisic et al.2013), non-transgenic metabolic model, employs icv injection of a diabetogenic toxin in the rat lateral ventricles. The key mechanism in the development of disease is the brain insulin resistance, as well as in the human SAD (Grieb 2016). Application of STZ leads to several brain metabolic and behavioral disturbances consequences of the decreased brain glucose utilization. This toxin also reduced ATP and energy charge potential in the cerebral cortex (Duelli et al.1994).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adenosine Diphosphate
- Adenosine Monophosphate
- Adenylate Kinase
- Anabolism
- Atp Synthase
- Phosphofructokinase
- Metabolism
- Cell
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
- Adenosine Triphosphate