Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
The study of endocrine functions in its modern form was implemented in the latter half of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth century [61]. Endocrinology is the study of disorders on endocrine system. It helps to diagnose a wide range of symptoms and variants and the management of disorders by the deficiency or excess of one or more hormones in fact, the key events that led to identification of endocrine functions took place between 1890 and 1905, in this period, and word “hormone” began to be institutionalized. Secretin, a chemical messenger secreted by the intestinal mucosa, was found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling [62]. For this class of internal secretions, Earnest Starling and Edward Sharpey-Schafer (1905) proposed the name “hormone.” Endocrinology was introduced as a fresh scientific branch [63]. English physician George Redmayne Murray was effectively treated myxedema by using thyroid gland extract (1891). Sharpey-Schafer and George Oliver later identified the substance found in the adrenal gland extracts [Adrenaline, also called epinephrine] which was the cause of high blood pressure [64]. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine, a Japanese chemist isolated the adrenaline [65].
Neuropharmacologic considerations in the treatment of vegetative state and minimally conscious state following brain injury
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Endocrine dysfunction is also associated with traumatic brain injury. Kelly et al.45 found that approximately 40% of patients with moderate or severe head injuries suffered posttraumatic pituitary hormonal insufficiency. The sodium and water abnormalities associated with posterior pituitary dysfunction (diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) are typically readily apparent to the general practitioner. However, the signs and symptoms of anterior pituitary dysfunction are frequently masked by the patient’s neurologic deficits. Therefore, screening should include morning serum cortisol, free T3, free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (in men) or estradiol (in women), and prolactin levels. Because IGF-1 may lack adequate sensitivity, a provocative test, such as an arginine infusion, may be warranted. If any levels are abnormal or there is a high index of suspicion, the patient may be referred to an endocrinologist for further evaluation. Outcome may be optimized by the identification and treatment of pituitary dysfunction.46
Incorporating Nutrition into the Primary Care Practice
David Heber, Zhaoping Li in Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
The Obesity Society (TOS) is a scientific and educational organization dedicated to expanding research, prevention, and treatment of obesity and reduction in stigma and discrimination affecting persons with obesity. The society has more than 2500 members. About 39% are PhDs, 35% MDs, and 2% RDs. Physician specialties include endocrinology, internal medicine, psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics bariatric surgery, and family practice. Members work in universities, hospitals, individual or group practices, medical schools, government, and other fields. The society publishes two journals, including the leading peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field, Obesity. The society’s annual meeting, Obesity Week, is cohosted with the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and brings in more than 5000 obesity professionals. Obesity Week is the premier annual scientific and educational conference bringing together the world’s experts in obesity research, treatment, and prevention—from clinicians and surgeons to educators and policy makers. TOS members are organized into various interest groups by specialty, known as sections, including Bariatric Surgery, Basic Science, Bio-Behavioral Research, Clinical Management, Diversity, eHealth/mHealth, Epidemiology, Health Services Research, Latin American Affairs, Obesity & Cancer, and Pediatric Obesity.
Transsexualism and hormones
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Harry Benjamin and Magnus Hirschfeld were the pioneers of the transsexualism phenomenon [1]. Gender dysphoria is characterized by suffering from strong, persistent discomfort between biological sex and experienced expressed gender, with significant impairment in interpersonal, familial, social, professional and other important area of functioning [2]. Transgender individuals desire to have secondary sexual characteristics of the opposite sex. Transsexual identification is permanently present and the disorder is not a part of some other disease [3]. Diagnostic procedure of sex reassignment is a multidisciplinary task that requires diagnostic assessment, psychotherapy or consulting by a mental health professional (MHP), endocrine investigations and finally surgeon involvement. The diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID) is made by a MHP. The endocrinologist has to exclude other endocrine diseases, to confirm diagnosis, initiate hormone affirming therapy and perform subsequent individual follow-ups. After at least one year of hormone affirming therapy highly qualified surgeons can perform operations. Sex reassignment surgery is recommended only after both endocrinologist and MHPs find surgery advisable.
Some characteristics of hyperglycaemic crisis differ between patients with and without COVID-19 at a safety-net hospital in a cross-sectional study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Arnav Shah, Andrew Deak, Shaneisha Allen, Elayna Silfani, Christina Koppin, Yaara Zisman-Ilani, Imali Sirisena, Christina Rose, Daniel Rubin
A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients admitted to an urban academic medical Centre in Philadelphia, PA, USA between 1 March and 30 July 2020. Data were collected by computer query and manual review of electronic health records. Selection bias was limited by enrolling all eligible patients. Patients met lab criteria for either DKA (serum bicarbonate ≤18 mEq/L, anion gap >10, ketonaemia or ketonuria, and arterial pH ≤7.30), or HHS (blood glucose >33.3 mmol/L and osmolality >320 mOsm/kg) [7]. Mixed DKA-HHS was defined as meeting all criteria for either DKA or HHS with at least 1 criterion for the other diagnosis. Diagnoses were adjudicated by an endocrinologist. Continuous variables were compared between COVID-19 positive patients [at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, COVID (+)] and negative patients [all negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR or not tested, COVID (−)] with t-tests and categorical variables were compared with chi-square. For DKA/HHS subgroup comparisons across COVID-19 status, ANOVA, chi-square, or Fisher Exact tests were used. The Temple University Institutional Review Board approved the study (number 27246). The requirement for informed consent was waived because this was a study of pre-existing retrospective data.
Serum thyroid stimulating hormone level for predicting utility of thyroid uptake and scan
Published in Endocrine Research, 2021
Lauren Buehler, Alireza Movahed, Keren Zhou, M. Cecilia Lansang
The TUS was diagnostic for a specific etiology in 123 (90%) of study participants. These 123 diagnostic scans included 115 in which the endocrinology documentation agreed with the radiology report and eight for whom the endocrinologist disagreed with the radiology interpretation of the scan. For these eight patients, the subsequent treatment was based on the endocrinologists’ interpretation. Ten percent (n = 14) of total study participants had TUSs that were read as inconclusive or showed normal findings (i.e., neither the radiologist nor the endocrinologist was able to diagnose the etiology based on the scan). The etiologies discovered included the following: Graves’ diseases (52%), toxic multinodular goiter (19%), thyroiditis (12%), solitary toxic adenoma (7%), nonspecific or normal (10%) (Table 1).
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