Disorders and drugs of the endocrine system
Roger McFadden in Introducing Pharmacology, 2019
This chapter examines the many drugs prescribed for problems affecting the endocrine system. It discusses hormonal contraceptives, which are not used to treat or prevent a disease, but are widely used by women as a safe and effective method of controlling their fertility and preventing unwanted pregnancies. The chapter explores the endocrine system in relation to some common diseases such as diabetes and osteoporosis as well as post-menopausal problems and thyroid disorders. The endocrine system and the nervous system together coordinate and control most physiological processes in the body. There are a variety of problems that can affect the glands of the endocrine system. The endocrine system complements the nervous system in controlling the body. Both systems can have a major influence on the behaviour of organs and tissues, but generally the nervous system is best suited to rapid-response actions, whereas the endocrine system is most effective for long-term regulation.
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Ian Peate, Helen Dutton in Acute Nursing Care, 2014
This chapter identifies the key roles and functions of the endocrine system and appreciates how disordered physiology can disrupt homeostasis and cause a medical emergency. It defines the nurse's role in recognising and responding appropriately to patients with acute endocrine problems. Most endocrine emergencies occur rarely, diabetic emergencies are witnessed by most nurses caring for patients within the hospital setting. It is important therefore that nurses have insight into glucose metabolism and control and into their responsibilities in monitoring and managing this aspect of patient care. Endocrine malfunction can occur acutely include thyrotoxicosis, acute adrenal insufficiency and the seldom witnessed catecholamine crisis and it can present with severe patient deterioration, so a basic understanding of the endocrine system and associated hormones is required. In the hospital setting, it is claimed by Kearney and Dang that with improved care and early detection, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) is prevented entirely.
Physiology of the Pain System
Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett in Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
The large myelinated primary afferent non-nociceptive fibers traverse the top of the dorsal horn through Lissauer's tract and then ascend the spinal cord through the white matter of the dorsal column or decussate to the contralateral ventral spinothalamic tract. Nociception exists at the intersection of the nervous system, the immune system, and the endocrine system. Painful information is conveyed by nociceptors which detect a wide range of thermal, chemical, or mechanical perturbations through a variety of mechanisms, including bare nerve endings which either react to specific noxious stimuli or are polymodal and respond to a variety of noxious stimuli. Sensory information is relayed via sensory neurons. Primary sensory neurons can be divided into two main categories: those which relay innocuous non-painful information and those that relay painful nociceptive information. The primary afferent summarizes nociceptive information from the periphery and feeds this information centrally into the spinal cord.
The metabolomics and lipidomics window into thyroid cancer research
Published in Biomarkers, 2017
R. Farrokhi Yekta, M. Rezaie Tavirani, A. Arefi Oskouie, M. R. Mohajeri-Tehrani, A. R. Soroush
Context: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine system malignancy with a fast rising incidence in the last decade for unknown reasons. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, the gold standard in thyroid cancer (TC) screening has still its own challenges and in some cases needs a proceeding surgery. Objective: This review highlights the role of the two most recent “omics” approaches, “metabolomics” and “lipidomics”, in the field of TC research. Methods: All the previous studies have been extracted from the literature and major concepts were detailed in the field of TC metabolomics and lipidomics. Results: Metabolomics and lipidomics, have potential in finding biomarkers related to thyroid carcinoma. Among the previous studies, the most important introduced altered tissue metabolites and lipids included glucose and galactose, lactate, Scyllo- and Myo inositol, hypoxanthine, citrate, cholesterol and choline. Conclusion: Metabolomics methods have been widely used in the field of biomarker discovery in TC and attempts are still in progress to use these methods to find a reliable biomarker panel besides current diagnostic tools.
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and skin cancer
Published in Dermato-Endocrinology, 2011
Nicole Denzer, Thomas Vogt, Jörg Reichrath
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in humans. There are several types of skin cancer that include basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma (MM). The associations of VDR polymorphisms with skin cancer risk are not well characterized so far. Only a few epidemiologic studies have directly addressed the relationship between VDR polymorphisms and the incidence and prognosis of MM. To make the most of the available information on VDR polymorphisms and skin cancer (MM, BCC and SCC), we undertook a systematic review of published studies. In conclusion, data summarized in this review support the concept that the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) is of importance for pathogenesis and progression of MM and other types of skin cancer.
Endocrine Regulation of Neonatal Hypoxia: Role of Glucose, Oxygen, and Epinephrine Supplementation
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2011
Anju TR, Nandhu MS, Jes P, Paulose CS
Responses of the endocrine system are vital in revealing the mechanisms of respiratory activities. The present study focused on changes in insulin and triiodothyronine concentration in serum, its receptors in the hearts of hypoxic neonatal rats and glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine resuscitated groups. The insulin concentration was significantly increased with a significant upregulation of receptors in hypoxic neonates. Triiodothyronine content and its receptors were significantly decreased in serum and the hearts of hypoxic neonates. The change in hormonal levels is an adaptive modification of the endocrine system to encounter the stress. The effectiveness of glucose resuscitation to hypoxic neonates was also reported.