Endocrine Disorders
Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia in Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Endocrine hormones are chemical signals that exert effects on tissue and organs throughout the body. Hormones play a critical role in the regulation of physiological homeostasis and are involved in growth and development, appetite regulation, metabolism, sexual and reproductive function, sleep, and mental health. Endocrine diseases result from abnormal levels of endocrine hormones or abnormalities in the signaling response. Diabetes mellitus, which occurs when insulin is not produced or when insulin signaling is impaired, is a common endocrine disease in children. Diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes. Related diseases include cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and steroid-induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes insipidus results from a disorder in the production or action of vasopressin. Youth with gender dysphoria may have higher rates of overweight and obesity. Growth hormone deficiency in children can lead to short stature, but in most cases the cause of short stature is constitutional, secondary to genetics or to nutrition, as well as to complications of non-endocrine diseases. Nutrition is an important consideration for clinical management of endocrine diseases as diet may play a role in the etiology of the disease or diet may modify the response to therapy. Moreover, nutrition status may be used as a criterion for diagnosis of the disease or to evaluate its progression. The objective of this chapter is to describe the pathophysiology, medical management, and medical nutrition therapy of common pediatric endocrine disorders.
Physiology of the Pituitary Gland
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Thyroid disease is one of the most common endocrine diseases. A wide range of congenital and acquired aetiologies underlie thyroid disease including: euthyroid goitre (due to mild iodine deficiency), thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, autoimmune hypothyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) or hyperthyroidism (Graves disease), contrast agent- or amiodarone-induced abnormalities, TSH-secreting pituitary tumours and a range of genetic syndromes affecting pituitary transcription factors. Less common causes include sick euthyroid syndrome, where the patient’s blood tests demonstrate a pattern of thyroid hormone alterations during non-thyroidal illness with normal TSH, low total T4, fT3 and elevated reverse T3 levels,18 and Pendred syndrome, a congenital autosomal recessive disease which results from a mutation in the iodine/chloride transmembrane transporter pendrin. In thyroid cells, pendrin transports iodine from the cytoplasm to the colloid, where it is organized into thyroglobulin during thyroid hormone synthesis. Mutations in this transporter cause progressive bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (often secondary to minor head trauma) possible vestibular dysfunction and abnormal thyroid hormone synthesis with goitre developing in early puberty/young adulthood.18 This condition is often associated with Mondini malformation of the cochlea and enlarged vestibular aqueducts.
Clinical Theory and Skills EMIs
Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju in Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Each option may be used once, more than once or not at all.Choose the term above that best fits each of the following statements on endocrine disturbances that are commonly associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations.A young female is admitted for the treatment of agitated depression. She also has hot sweaty palms, tremor and tachycardia. This bedside examination is a useful sign in distinguishing between functional and organic disorder.In this endocrine disturbance, the psychiatric features are related to the serum calcium level.Insidious onset of weakness, fatigue, weight loss, gastrointestinal symptoms, depression, mild cognitive impairment and hyperpigmentation on the exposed areas and skin creases suggest this endocrine disease.
Relationship between complications of type 2 diabetes and thyroid nodules
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Xuexue Zhang, Xujie Wang, Jian Liu, Yuying Xu, Jiwei Zhang, Qiuyan Li
Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of the effect of diabetes on the risk of thyroid nodules. As mentioned in the literature review, diabetes was a common condition which had considerable impact on the incidence of thyroid nodules and independently correlated with presence of thyroid nodules7–9. Meanwhile, insulin resistance has been implicated in the increased risk of thyroid nodules10,11. However, up to now, there has been insufficient attention given to the relationship between complications of type 2 diabetes and thyroid nodules. This study aims to fill this research gap by investigating the implications of complications (diabetic nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, eye disorder, and peripheral vascular disease) on the risk of thyroid nodules in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the study seeks to determine whether there are differences in the incidence of thyroid nodules between type 2 diabetic patients with and without complications. The findings of this study would significantly contribution to the field of endocrine diseases and have important implications for future practice.
Metagenomics study on taxonomic and functional change of gut microbiota in patients with obesity with PCOS treated with exenatide combination with metformin or metformin alone
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Jingwen Gan, Jie Chen, Rui-Lin Ma, Yan Deng, Xue-Song Ding, Shi-Yang Zhu, Ai-Jun Sun
Exclusion criteria were stated as follows: Anyone who meets any of the following conditions cannot participate in the study. (1) Combined with other endocrine diseases, such as diabetes, adrenal hyperplasia or tumor, Cushing’s syndrome, clinical thyroid disease, acromegaly, hyperprolactinemia, androgen-secreting tumor, etc.; (2) Medullary thyroid disease patients with personal or family history of cancer (MTC) or patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2); (3) combined with severe or unstable diseases, including liver, kidney, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and blood system dysfunction; (4) with a history of thromboembolic disease or thrombosis; (5) heavy smoking or alcoholism women; (6) lactating or pregnant women; (7) women with a history of other malignant tumors; (8) Use of statins or other drugs known or suspected to affect reproductive or metabolic function within the past 3 months; (9) Drug allergy; (10) Participating in other clinical trials.
Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Meilin Zhang, Jian Song, Hongguang Yang, Feng Jin, Ang Zheng
Regarding safety, our results showed that immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy had the greatest effect on thyroid function in patients with early and advanced-stage TNBC. Therefore, it is important to monitor thyroid function when administering immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. Patients who develop endocrine disease may be irreversible and require long-term treatment [33,34]. Furthermore, the combination group was more likely to have pneumonitis, which was similar to the results of a meta-analysis by Zhang et al. [35]. In addition, hepatitis, adrenal insufficiency, skin reactions, infusion reaction and pyrexia also deserve our attention in the combination therapy. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of tumor conditions in cancer patients and the underlying physical fitness is necessary. Under the premise of ensuring safety, we should fully improve the ability of anticipated treatment to prevent withdrawal of patients due to serious AEs in the clinic.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diabetes
- Hyperthyroidism
- Secretion
- Thyroid Hormones
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Endocrine System
- Endocrinology
- Gestational Diabetes
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone