Alcohol Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy of Alcoholism
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Research indicates a decreased risk hyperglycemia (type 2 diabetes) attributed to improvement in insulin sensitivity on ingestion of modest amounts of alcohol (Baliunas et al., 2009; Hendriks, 2007). Other possible causative factors include elevated levels of acetaldehyde and acetate (Sarkola et al., 2002); anti-inflammatory effects of alcohol (Imhof et al., 2001) and improvement in HDL (Rimm et al. 1999). Conversely, increased intake leads to increase risk of diabetes mellitus due to its dose-dependent effects. This is due to increase in body weight, blood triglycerides, and hypertension (Wannamethee et al., 2003a,b). Impotence is known to appear in men with both acute and chronic alcohol ingestion. Hypothalamic dysfunction and toxic effect of alcohol on Leydig cells result in Testicular atrophy and decreased fertility. Gynecomastia which occurs due to increased metabolism of testosterone and cellular response to estrogen is seen in alcoholic liver disease. Menstrual cycle abnormalities, decreased libido, and low fertility rates are noted in alcoholic women. For those who abstain from alcohol, the prognosis is favorable in regard to hepatic or gonadal failure (O’Farrell et al., 1997).
Answers
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield in The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Gestational diabetes is the development of glucose intolerance in pregnancy that disappears at the end of pregnancy. Pregnancy is ‘diabetogenic’. The urinary threshold of glucose in the non-pregnant kidney is approximately 11 mmol/L, but this falls in pregnancy so much that it may reach threshold at relatively normal blood glucose levels. Foetal complications of this are as described in the answers. Insulin requirements usually increase and hypoglycaemia may result as a result of attempts to achieve optimum glucose control. Preconceptual care for the diabetic woman planning a pregnancy should have glucose control optimised and start folic acid at high dose. Close monitoring during pregnancy is required, and visits are usually alternate weeks and weekly after 34 weeks. Insulin is the mainstay of treatment; oral agents are seldom used. A special cardiac scan is required as well as serial growth scans. Elective Caesarean is often advised if the foetal weight is above 4 kg. The neonate commonly develops hypoglycaemia as a result of hyperinsulinaemia because it has been ‘used to’ high circulating glucose levels.
Tribal and Indigenous Knowledge in West Africa: The Use of Food Plants in the Management of Diabetes
David R. Katerere, Wendy Applequist, Oluwaseyi M. Aboyade, Chamunorwa Togo in Traditional and Indigenous Knowledge for the Modern Era, 2019
Pharmacotherapeutic management for T2D is aimed at reducing the blood glucose level by using oral antidiabetics such as metformin to lower the risk of the development of complications (Kavishankar et al. 2011). Alternative treatment and management utilize herbal remedies, supplements, and functional foods (Perera and Li 2012). Consistent with the advice of Hippocrates, “[L]et your food be your medicine and your medicine be your food” (Smith 2004), food plays an important role in the etiology, prevention, management, and treatment of many diseases, including diabetes. Dietary components, primarily processed carbohydrates but also fats and oils (Steyn et al. 2004), have been implicated in the etiology of T2D. However, other classes of food and nutrients have been reported to be beneficial in the prevention and, possibly, the treatment of diabetes (Steyn et al. 2004). Diabetes can be managed with foods that either prevent weight gain or promote weight loss, lower blood glucose levels, or reduce glucose production (Evert et al. 2013). These classes of food that have therapeutic beneficial effects on human health in addition to nutritional benefits are known as functional foods (López Varela et al. 2002).
Examining substitution behaviors in a non-treatment sample of current drinkers: an exploratory study
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Christina S. Lee, Corinne A. Beaugard, Lidia Meshesha, Ana M. Abrantes
This phenomenon is important to understand in non-treatment seeking samples as well because left unchecked, substitution may confer greater and unanticipated health risks among individuals who are trying to cut down on a primary substance (Lehman et al., 1990; Stephens et al., 1994; Wiseman & McMillan, 1998). For example, the increased consumption of sweet and savory snack foods, and their long-term or excessive use, could contribute to additional health problems such as increased risk for diabetes. The increased use of nicotine and cannabis may also increase the risk for poor cardiovascular health or increase the risk for nicotine or cannabis dependency. More research is needed to explore the etiology of substitution, and in the clinical setting, patients could be encouraged to discuss the potential risks and benefits of substitution when attempting to cut back or stop using a primary substance.
Functional decline in people with diabetes: Bidirectional relationships between body function and activity–participation components in a two-wave longitudinal structural equation modeling
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Kaio C. Pinhal, Pedro S. Figueiredo, Vinícius C. De Oliveira, Wellington F. Gomes, Andrei P. Pernambuco, Marcus A. Alcantara
These studies have demonstrated the functional impact of diabetes. However, most studies have focused on the body function and structure components. Less emphasis has been given to complex relationships between the pathways of the ICF. To fill this gap, it is important to ensure that all components of the ICF model are evaluated so that we understand causal pathways. Longitudinal studies are also necessary in order to better understand the mechanisms of functional decline associated with diabetes over time. In this study, we use separable measures of ICF model constructs to investigate the basic ICF pathways using data from a sample of people with diabetes in a three‐year longitudinal design. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) there is a significant cross-sectional relationship between the ICF framework components; (2) the previous body function and activity and participation measurements are predictors of future functioning; and (3) environmental factors are moderators of the relationships between the ICF components.
Oral contraceptive use, coffee consumption, and other risk factors of type 2 diabetes in women: a case–control study
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Jadranka M. Maksimovic, Hristina D. Vlajinac, Milos Z. Maksimovic, Nebojsa M. Lalic, Isidora S. Vujcic, Branka D. Pejovic, Sandra B. Sipetic Grujicic, Milan R. Obrenovic, Ivana I. Kavecan
Occupation is related to various factors, such as sex, age, education, SES, lifestyle, and stress rate. In this study, all participants were women; cases and controls were matched by age and did not differ in their formal education and self-reported SES. Their occupation was related to T2DM independently of lifestyle characteristics, such as smoking, alcohol, coffee and tea consumption, physical activity (both recreational and at work), BMI, and stressful life events. Psychological stress is known to increase the risk of diabetes. According to some investigations, psychological stressors are reported more frequently in lower SES groups (Agardh et al., 2011; Kumari et al., 2004); however, it seems to us that the positive association of T2DM with higher employment grades (administrative worker and professionals) in this study could be explained by a higher frequency of chronic stress among these occupational groups.
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